Tribute

SIR,
We all want to thank you for your affection, love and hard work . We can not forget your efforts to make us successful people in life. We feel pleased to have you as our teacher. The one who tried his best to produce social awareness among us as well as made us strong enough to protect our moral values. Miss u n will get guidance from your personality in every field of life Please remember us all in your prayers

Thanx a lot From 2K10-mct We love you sir!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

2

PRESENTED TO. DR. BAKHAT BAHADUR RANA

 M.Junaid  Abdul Rehman  M.Saqib  M.Bilawal

10-MCT-13 10-MCT-23 10-MCT-26 10-MCT-52

TOPIC
Non Ferrous Metals and Alloys

y Aluminum y Nickel y Tin

Ferrous Metals & Non-Ferrous Metals

Ferrous metals are metals that contain iron E.g. Steel (iron and carbon) Non-ferrous metals are metals that do not contain iron E.g. Zinc (pure metal), Bronze (Copper and tin) (non-ferrous may contain slight traces of iron) Ferrous Metal = alloy metals that contains iron ( Primary base metal is iron) Non-ferrous Metal = alloy metals that do not contain iron Primary base metal does not contain iron)
5

Classification
Metals can be divided into 2 groups Metals
Ferrous Metals Iron Low Carbon Steel Medium Carbon Steel High Carbon Steel Cast Iron Stainless Steel Tool Steels Others Non- Ferrous Metals Aluminum Copper Brass Bronze Zinc Lead Tin Others
6

Non-Ferrous Metals and their alloys.

Non-ferrous metals are those which do not contain iron. In general they have excellent resistance to corrosion. Copper, reputed to be the first metal used by mankind, includes some very useful and interesting properties, it is malleable and ductile. It is for this reason is was of such interest to our ancestors. Another non-ferrous metal, aluminum, has only featured in engineering terms in the last 75 years.
7

Aluminum
Aluminum is one of the most versatile of metals. It is only of engineering significance since the late twenties, when it became possible to produce it in commercial quantities. Next to steel it is the most used metal in the world. Yet the production of aluminum is only 6% that of steel. Aluminum has a wide range of uses, from cooking foil to aircraft. Its properties make it suitable for many applications. It is light does not corrode, is a good conductor of electricity and heat and is cheaper than copper. Aluminum can be cast, extruded, rolled, forged, drawn,etc., to give us the numerous shapes of the aluminum objects that we see everyday.
8

Uses of Aluminum
y Aluminum is used extensively in almost countless application

because of its high strength combined with low density. Also it is corrosion resistant to the atmosphere as a thin film of aluminum oxide forms over aluminum surfaces which protects it from further corrosion. Also, aluminum is non-toxic making it suitable for application involving contact with food products. y The most extensive and biggest use of aluminum is in packing. It used for packing in various forms such as cans, foils, tubes, and bottle tops. y Second biggest use of aluminum is in transportation it is widely used in most transport vehicles. It is particularly suited for aero planes. A modern aero plane contains about 80% aluminum by weight, A Boeing 747 contains about 75 tons of aluminum.
9

Properties:
y Low density (2.7 g/cm3) y Very good corrosion resistance in common

environments (due to y Ductile (fcc crystal structure) y High electrical and thermal conductivity y BUT, low melting point: 660C (e.g. mp of iron is 1535C) y Also, Young s modulus not particularly high (E = 70 GPa)
10

Application.
y Aerospace & air travel: structural components of

planes, fuel y Building and construction: panels, roofs, window frames y Packaging: beverage cans, foil y Transport: bikes, car engine parts, bus bodies y Electrical: e.g. overhead cables

11

Alloys
y Aluminum alloys are alloys in which aluminium (Al) is the predominant metal. y The typical alloying elements are copper, magnesium, manganese, silicon and zinc. y There are two principal classifications, namely casting alloys and wrought alloys, both of which are further subdivided into the categories heat-treat The most important cast aluminum alloy system is Al-Si, where the high levels of silicon (4.0% to 13%) contribute to give good casting characteristics. y Aluminum alloys are widely used in engineering structures and components where light weight or corrosion resistance is required. able and non-heat-treatable.
12

Nickel metal
y

13

Nickel
Nickel is with the chemical symbol Ni and atomic number 28. It is a silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge. Nickel belongs to the transition metals and is hard and ductile. Pure nickel shows a significant chemical activity that can be observed when nickel is powdered to maximize the exposed surface area on which reactions can occur, but larger pieces of the metal are slow to react with air at ambient conditions due to the formation of a protective oxide surface. Even then, however, nickel is reactive enough with oxygen that native nickel is rare on Earth's surface, being mostly confined to the interiors of larger nickel iron meteorites that were protected from oxidation during their time in space. 14

Properties
y Nickel is a silvery-white metal with a slight golden

tinge that takes a high polish. y It is one of only four elements that are magnetic at or near room temperature, the others being iron, cobalt an . y Its Curie temperature is 355 C, meaning that bulk nickel is non-magnetic above this temperature. The unit cell of nickel is a face centered cube with the lattice parameter of 0.352 nm giving an atomic radius of 0.124 nm. y Nickel belongs to the transition metals and is hard and ductile.
15

Nickel Compounds
The most common oxidation state of nickel is +2, but compounds of Ni0, Ni+, and Ni3+ are well known, and Ni4+ has been demonstrated

16

Application
y Nickel is used in many specific and recognizable

industrial and consumer products, including stainless steel, alnico magnets, coinage, rechargeable batteries, electric guitar strings, microphone capsules, and special alloys. . y It is also used for plating and as a green tint in glass. Nickel is preeminently an alloy metal, and its chief use is in the nickel steels and nickel cast irons, of which there are many varieties. y is also widely used in many other alloys, such as nickel brasses and bronzes, and alloys with copper, chromium, aluminium, lead, cobalt, silver, and gold.
17

Alloys
y Alnico (aluminium, cobalt; used in magnets) y Alumel (nickel, manganese, aluminium, silicon) y Chromel (chromium) y Cupronickel (bronze, copper) y Ferronickel (iron) y German silver (copper, zinc) y Hastelloy (molybdenum, chromium,

sometimes tungsten) y Inconel (chromium, iron) y Monel metal (copper, iron, manganese) y Nichrome (chromium)

18

Tin metal

19

Tin
y Tin is a chemical element with the

symbol Sn (for Latin: sternum) and atomic number 50. y It is a main group metal in group 14 of the periodic table. y Tin shows chemical similarity to both neighboring group 14 elements, germanium and lead and has two possible oxidation states, +2 and the slightly more stable +4. Tin is the 49th most abundant element and has, with 10 stable isotopes, the largest number of stable isotopes in the periodic table. y Tin is obtained chiefly from the mineral cassiterite, where it occurs as tin dioxide, SnO2.
20

Chemical properties
y Tin resists corrosion from water but can be attacked

by acids and alkalis. y Tin can be highly polished and is used as a protective coat for other metals. y In this case the formation of a protective oxide layer is used to prevent further oxidation. y This oxide layer forms on pewter and other tin alloys. y Tin acts as a catalyst when oxygen is in solution and helps accelerate chemical attack.
21

Physical properties
y Tin is a malleable, ductile and highly crystalline

silvery-white metal. y When a bar of tin is bent, a crackling sound known as the tin cry can be heard due to the twinning of the crystals. y Tin melts at a low temperature of about 232 C, which is further reduced to 177.3 C for 11-nm particles. y -tin (the metallic form, or white tin), which is stable at and above room temperature, is malleable. In contrast, -tin (nonmetallic form, or gray tin), which is stable below 13.2 C, is brittle. y -tin has a diamond cubic crystal structure, similar to diamond, silicon or germanium.
22

Applications
y Tin plating

Tin bonds readily to iron and is used for coating lead or zinc and steel to prevent corrosion. Tin-plated steel containers are widely used for food preservation, and this forms a large part of the market for metallic tin. y Solder A coil of lead-free solder wire. Tin has long been used as a solder in the form of an alloy with lead, tin accounting for 5 to 70% w/w. Tin forms a eutectic mixture with lead containing 63% tin and 37% lead. Such solders are primarily used for solders for joining pipes or electric circuits.
23

Tin Alloys
y Pewter is a tin alloy which has had many compositions

through the ages the only common ingredient being a high tin content, pewter exploits the beauty and ease of working of tin with additions of other metals being made mostly to strengthen it. y Bronze is regarded as an alloy of tin and copper usually less than 12% tin although it often includes other metals to meet specific requirements. Bronze is the first tin alloy used by man but there is much debate about when and how we first deliberately mixed tin and copper as an alloy. Many early 'bronzes' don't contain much tin.
24

Tin Alloys
y Solder

alloy compositions are numerous but the most important are still the tin lead solders which were used by the Romans. Tin melts at around 232C and lead at about 327C in the combination 62Sn 38Pb the resulting alloy melts at 183C. This composition is known as the eutectic. Solders used in electronics account for a significant proportion of tin consumption. Lead free plumbing solder is often tin with about 0.5% copper although many other compositions have been developed.
25

(C) Coliste Lorcin Engineering

26