PENGANTAR ILMU PERIKANAN DAN KELAUTAN SISTEM ALAMIAH PERIKANAN: 1. BIOSISTEM KELAUTAN 2.

BIOSISTEM PERAIRAN

Aida Sartimbul, Ph.D PSPK

Outline:
NATURAL SYSTEM OCEAN DEFINITION OCEAN STATUS OF THE WORLD OCEAN FUNCTION FOR LIFE ZONES OF THE WATER COLUMN FEATURES OF THE OCEAN FLOOR OCEAN COMMUNITIES

NATURAL ECOSYSTEM

Community

Fish species Habitat External forces (e.g. climate change) Aquatic environment

The structure of natural sub-system: fish sp interact with ecosystem, & in turn with biophysical environment. External forces impact on entire system (Charles, 2001)

INTEREST OF FISHERIES
Fished species Others: -Echinoderms, -Elasmobranchs, -Porifera,

Fish

Shellfish

Pelagic

Demersal

Crustaceans

Molluscs

Herring, Mackerel, Sharks, Salmon, etc

Cod, Flatfish, Ocean Perch, Catfish, etc

Decapods: shrimp/pra wn, crawler (lobster & crab), others (krill)

Gastropods (e.g.abalon) Bivalve (e.g.clams) Chepalopods (e.g.squid)

Definisi laut (kamus Bahasa Indonesia):

Laut adalah kumpulan air asin dalam jumlah yang banyak dan luas yang menggenangi dan membagi daratan atas benua atau pulau. Merupakan air yang menutupi permukaan tanah yang sangat luas dan umumnya mengandung garam dan berasa asin. Biasanya air mengalir yang ada di darat akan bermuara ke laut.

Ocean (Merriam-Webster):
1. a : the whole body of salt water that covers nearly three fourths of the surface of the earth b : any of the large bodies of water (as the Atlantic Ocean) into which the great ocean is divided 2.: a very large or unlimited space or quantity

Ocean status in the world:

About 70% of the earth is ocean How deep is it???? Dalam laut bisa diduga dalam hati.....siapa tahu

Water Body Atlantic Pacific Indian Artic Sea Mediterr. Others Gulf of Mexico Caspian Sea Lake Superior

Area (x108 Km2) 82.4 165.3 73.4 9.5 2.9

% of Earth Surface 16.2 32.4 14.4 2.8 5.1

Vol % Vol of World (x 106 Ocean Km3) 323.6 23.6 707.6 51.6 291.0 9.41 4.2 2.4 0.077 0.13 0..12 21.2 1.2

Mean Depth 3,926 4,282 3,936 991 1,429 180 813 149

0.44 0.16 0.08

OCEAN FOR LIFE

Sebagai pembentuk iklim dunia (air-sea interaction, ocean phenomenon: El Nino. La Nina, Indian Ocean Dipole, etc.) Sebagai sarana kegiatan manusia, misal shipping (trading, transportation, ocean training, observation, etc.) Fishery (fishing, marine culture, fish ranching, etc.) Food sources (productivity sources: plankton, coral, algae, small and big fishes, etc.) Energy sources (gelombang, mining, bioenergy (algae), etc.) Pharmacy (gamete: anti aging, algae: anti cancer) Tourism, etc.....

Our life does not run without ocean. Weather and climate

Fishery Shipping

THE PHYSICALCHEMICAL ENVIRONMENT

Living Creatures Winds Ocean Currents Physical Creatures

Ecosystems

Upwelling

Tides Freshwatersaltwater interactions

Laut sebagai pembentuk iklim dunia: Winds system

The Winds
All the major surface currents in the oceans are created by the drag of the wind on the surface water. The winds, in turn, are created because the earths surface is heated unevenly by the sun, making the tropical regions warm and the polar regions cold. (Mann & Lazier 1996, p.242)

Major Ocean Surface Current

Upwelling
Upwelling occurs when surface water is swept by the wind away from the coast and this is replaced by deeper water rising to the surface close to shore Localized settings, seabed topography may deflect bottom currents towards the surface.

Upwelling and sinking ocean currents are driven by offshore and onshore winds.

Upwelling area

ZONES OF THE WATER COLUMN Intertidal:

the area between high tide and low tide. Sometimes covered, sometimes exposed, a very tough habitat to live in. Subjected to drying and submersion, temperature extremes, the pull of the waves, and sea and land predators. Animals often burrow or have hard shells that can be sealed to prevent water loss. Plants usually cling to hard bottoms.

Pelagic

Intertidal Abyssal

Four Zones of Interest

Benthic

Intertidal zone creatures

High Tide

Low Tide

Another view zones in zones

ZONES OF THE WATER COLUMN

Pelagic zone: Open ocean zone. Usually sub-divided by depth or amount of sunlight. The upper pelagic receives sunlight, so there are many phytoplankton for photosynthesis. Zooplankton, jellyfish, squid, and fishes of all sizes make up the food chain. The lower reaches receive less or no sunlight, so there are no plants and animals are often bioluminescent (make their own light).

Pelagic Zone

Inhabitants of the Pelagic Zone

A Pelagic Food Web

BENTHIC

PELAGIC

ZONES OF THE WATER COLUMN Abyssal:

The midnight zone of the ocean no light penetrates. The pressure at 10,000 ft. would be like you having 5 jumbo airliners on your back. Animals are adapted to withstand the dark, the cold (near freezing), and the tremendous pressure. Thats why they usually dont survive the trip to the surface. Most are dark or nearly transparent in color, and are bioluminescent. They dont move much, and usually eat what falls from above. Jaws are big to swallow large objects whole.

Monsters of the Abyss

The Abyss
A very hostile environment
Increasing Cold Increasing Pressure

Fantastic Denizens of the Deep

ZONES OF THE WATER COLUMN

Benthic:
a term meaning bottom, is the ocean zone ranging from the deepest part of the ocean to the shore. Many kinds of organisms live in the benthic zone plants, anemones, sponges, fish, skates and rays, octopus, mollusks, crabs, sea stars, corals and worms. Most are scavengers. In the deep ocean, there are special benthic communities around hydrothermal vents whose energy comes from chemical reactions rather than from the sun.

Benthic Zone from the shore to the depths

BENTHIC

PELAGIC

Intertidal Benthic

Coral Reef

Hydrothermal vent

Hydrothermal Vents
In 1977, the submersible Alvin found seafloor vents that were gushing hot mineral-rich water in the midnight depths of the ocean. Cold sea water seeps into cracks in the Earths crust and is superheated by the magma in the mantle. The hot water with dissolved minerals from the magma rises and spews out like an undersea geyser .

Cold water and chemical reactions cause mineral deposits to settle out as vent chimneys. Fantastic communities of organisms that live by chemosynthesis thrive around these black smokers, using energy from chemical reactions with minerals in the water to live.

ZONES OF THE WATER COLUMN

OCEAN ZONES
ZONES OF THE WATER COLUMN OCEAN COMMUNITIES

FEATURES OF THE OCEAN FLOOR

What do you think the ocean floor looks like? Is it flat? Saucer-shaped? Mountainous?

Features of the Ocean Floor

The same mountains, valleys, plains, trenches, and pits we see on land are also on the ocean floor.

The tallest mountains, the deepest valleys, and the flattest plains on earth are all on the ocean floor!

Features of the Ocean Floor

Continental shelf: surrounds the continent as a shallow extension of continental crust extending out to the continental slope. Continental slope: steep drop-off at the end of the continental shelf that connects the continental crust to the oceanic crust. Together, they make up the continental margin.

Features of the Ocean Crust

Abyssal plains: are the flattest areas on earth. Ocean ridges: are long mountain ranges formed when magma seeps or erupts between pieces of the Earths crust (tectonic plates). Trenches: are the deepest part of the ocean and are formed when one tectonic plate is forced under another tectonic plate. Seamounts: isolated volcanic mountains which erupt under the ocean. Large ones are islands. Guyots: are extinct volcanoes with eroded flat tops.

The highest mountain on Earth is Mauna Kea, Hawaii, a seamount

Ocean ridges form a mountain chain 40,000 miles long through all the oceans

The average depth of the ocean is 12,200 feet (3,720 m.)

Trenches form where tectonic plates (chunks of the Earths crust) are forced under another plate. The Mariana Trench in the western Pacific is the deepest point on Earth 36,198 ft. (11,033 m.)

Trieste and the Mariana Trench

In 1960, the US Navy sent a small submersible (mini-sub) to see how far down it could go. It sat on the bottom at 35,838 ft. (10,923 m.) The sailors had 7 miles of water over their heads!

OCEAN ZONES
ZONES OF THE WATER COLUMN FEATURES OF THE OCEAN FLOOR

OCEAN COMMUNITIES

Ocean Biomes
Can be divided by zones: intertidal, pelagic, and abyssal. Benthic organisms are the bottom dwellers in each zone. Each zone requires different adaptations for survival. Organisms are specialized to live in a particular zone. Like in land biomes, similar types of flora and fauna live in similar types of biomes across the world oceans.

Pelagic

Intertidal

Abyssal

Benthic

Other Aquatic Biomes

Aquatic means water. Other aquatic biomes besides the ocean (marine biome) are freshwater and estuarine. Freshwater is water with no salt, and includes rivers, lakes, ponds, etc. Estuaries are environments where salt water and fresh water meet. The salinity (amount of salt) varies with the tides and the seasons. Estuaries are often warm, shallow, protected places that serve as nurseries for marine organisms.

Freshwater Marine Estuary

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AMSTI-GLOBE Resource Specialist judy@amsti.org

The GLOBE Program www.globe.gov Lynn Vaughan

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