SQL

- Study note
By Maggie Zhou Sep, 2008

Preface
This is one of my study note for SQL Main part of this note is from
 Head First SQL: Your Brain on SQL -- A Learner's Guide  By Lynn Beighley August 2007 Pages: 607 Series: Head First ISBN 10: 0-596-52684-9 | ISBN 13: 9780596526849  This is a great book for beginner, and you will have a lot of fun when you go through this book (trust me, this is not a commercial)

But it isnt only from this book:

 I organized this note in my understanding way.  I added several concepts which I think are important
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Basic concepts
SQL: /si kw l/, Structured Query Language, RDBMS: Relational DataBase Management Systems SQL Appeared in 1974
MySQL: SQL/PSM
 SQL/Persistent Stored Module (as in ISO SQL:2003)

Oracle: PL/SQL
 Procedural Language/SQL (based on Ada)
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MySQL installation
MySQL community Server
 Official free version of the MySQL RDBMS

Steps to install MySQL on windows

 Download
    http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/ Choose windows from list Choose Windows ZIP/Setup.exe option Pick a mirror

 Run Setup Wizard

 Choose typical  Install to default location: c:\program files\mysql\mysql server 5.0  Finally install it
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Create (1)
Case insensitive Database
CREATE DATABASE name

Table
CREATE TABLE name ( data_name1 CHAR/CHARACTER(x~256), data_name2 DEC/DECIMAL(x,x), data_name3 INT/INTEGER, data_name4 BLOB, data_name5 DATE, data_name6 DATETIME/TIMESTAMP, data_name7 VARCHAR(x~256) );

Create (2)
Columns / Attributes
Mandatory value
 (  data_name CHAR(10) NOT NULL,  )

set default value

 (  data_name DEC(3.2) NOT NULL DEFAULT 1.00,  )

Use keyword as columns name

BAD, but can do INT is ok
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Data type (1)

BOOLEAN
RDBMS store a 1 for true, 0 for false You can insert: 1/true, 0/false, null

INT
Unsigned integer: values in the range 0 to 4294967295 Signed integer: INT(SIGNED) SMALLINT BIGINT MySQL also has: TINYINT, MEDIUMINT
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Data type (2)

DATE and TIME
 DATE: yyyy-mm-dd  DATATIME: yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss  TIMESTAMP: yyyymmddhhmmss  TIME: hh:mm:ss

DATE_FORMAT tells function the date_format you want

 SELECT  DATE_FORMAT (date, %M %Y)  FROM table_name;  Result will be: Auguest 2007
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CAST
CAST (column, TYPE); Types
 CHAR()  DATE, DATETIME, TIME  DECIMAL  SIGNED [INTEGER]  UNSIGNED [INTEGER]

CAN
 Be included inside the INSERT, SELECT

CANT
 DEC to INT  TIME, DATE, DATETIEM, CHAR to DEC, or INT
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10

Maintain
Change database
 USE database_name;

Check structure of table

 DESC table_name;

Check table content

 SELECT * FROM table_name

Change
 Please see from Slides 23

Delete
 DROP TABLE table_name;
 Only can use on empty table
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Add data
Insert data
 INSERT INTO table_name  (column_name1, column_name2,)  VALUES (value1, value2,);
 For the AUTO_INCREMENT column, can use , instead input value

Synax for column

 Using column name can control the insert order, the value order should match  Not using column name, value need including all the value, in exact order in table

Synax for value:

 CHAR, VARCHAR, DATE, BLOB need single quote  INT, DEC do not use quote
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Select (1)
Show all data & all column
 SELECT * FROM table_name;

Show chosen data & all column

 SELECT *  FROM table_name  WHERE column_name = value;
    Can use =, >, <, >=, <= INT, DEC can use or not CHAR, BLOB, VARCHAR, DATE, TIMESTAMP must use Never use

Show chosen data & chosen columns

 SELECT column_name1, column_name3,  FROM table_name  WHERE column_name = value;
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Select (2)
Show multiple choose conditions
    SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE condition1 AND, OR
 AND: match all the conditions  OR: match only one condition is enough

 Condition2;

Comparison operators
 =, >, <, >=, <=  <> mean not equal

Find NULL
 SELECT *  FROM table_name  WHERE column_name IS NULL;
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Select (3)
Wide card
 SELECT *  FROM table_name  WHERE column_name LIKE %XX;
 % any number of unknown characters  _ just only one unknown character

Given Range
 SELECT *  FROM table_name  WHERE column_name BETWEEN xx AND xx;

Given Group
 SELECT *  FROM table_name  WHERE column_name IN (value, value,);
 IN  NOT IN

the data match conditions the data do not match conditions

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Select (4)
NOT conditions
Combine AND, OR, IS with NOT
 Right after AND, OR AND NOT  IS NOT NULL means WHERE NOT name IS NULL

Could do, but you shouldnt do double negative

Bad: WHERE NOT column <> value;

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Database design
Steps to design
 Pick one thing your table want to describe  Make a list of information using the table  Break down information into pieces and organizing table

Atomic data
 Column with atomic data cant have several value of the same type of data  Table with atomic data cant have multiple columns with same type of data

Normal table
 Normal table wont have duplicate data  With less data to search through
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1NF FIRST NORMAL FORM

Each row of data must only contain atomic values Each row of data must have a unique identifier

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Primary key
Create
 CREATE TABLE table_name  (key_name data_type NOT NULL,  PRIMARY KEY (key_name)  ); OR  CREATE TABLE table_name  (key_name data_type NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,


 );

Key:
 Can not be NULL  Must be compact  Can not be changed

Auto incrementally
 (key_name INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,   );

Data has same key value wont be accepted The key can be overwritten you still can make own value AUTO-INCREMENT Only one per table, must be INT, cannot be 19 NOT NULL

Show statements
SHOW CREATE TABLE table_name;
Return a CREATE TABLE statement

SHOW CREATE DATABASE database_name;

Return a CREATE DATABASE statement

SHOW COLUMNS FROM table_name;

Equals to DESC table_name

SHOW INDEX FROM table_name; SHOW WARNINGS; SHOW TABLES

Show all the tables, views
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Delete row
Delete row/rows base on condition
DELETE FROM table_name WHERE condition;

Without condition, you will delete all data

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Change row
Update row/rows base on condition
UPDATE table_name SET column_name = new value, other changes WHERE column_name = value;

Without condition, you will update all data Update can use simple math:
Can use *, /, +,  SET column_name = column_name +1

Also can use operation on other data

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ALTER Table (1)

All about the columns table structure Change
Change name, data type of existing column

Modify
Data type or position of existing column

Add
Add new column

Drop
Delete column from table
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ALTER Table (2) ADD COLUMN

Alter table
ALTER TABLE table_name

Add column
ADD COLUMN column_name type NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT FIRST, (dont forget , ) ADD PRIMARY KEY (column_name); OR ADD COLUMN column_name type AFTER another_column_name;

Define the position;

Can use: FIRST, LAST, AFTER, BEFORE Even can use: SECOND, FIFTH
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ALTER Table (3) CHANGE/RENAME

Rename table
ALTER TABLE table_name RENAME TO new_table_name

Change column name and type

ALTER TABLE table_name CHANGE COLUMN column_name new_column_name new_type , ;

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ALTER Table (3) MODIFY

Modify column
ALTER TABLE table_name MODIFY COLUMN column_name new_type/size;

Cannot change order of columns

It wont matter, due to you can use SELECT to control order

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ALTER Table (3) DROP

Delete column
ALTER TABLE table_name DROP COLUMN column_name;

Remove AUTO_INCREMENT
ALTER TABLE table_name CHANGE column_name new_column_name new_type; without AUTO_INCREMENT
 Just simply without AUTO_INCREMENT  After remove AUTO_INCREMENT, then you can drop the PRIMARY KEY, otherwise, will be error

Remove PRIMARY KEY

ALTER TABLE table_name DROP PRIMARY KEY;
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28

String functions (1)

SELECT RIGHT(column_name, number) FROM table_name;
 Can use RIGHT, LEFT start from right or left side of column  Number: how many characters to select

SELECT SUBSTRING_INDEX (column_name, key, index) FROM table_name;

 SUBSTRING_INDEX subestring, everything in front of it  key the key character, key string is looking for  Index 1 means looking for the first key, 2 means looking for the second key
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String functions (2)

SUBSTRING(string, index, index); SUBSTR(string, index)
 Shortening the length of the string start right after the index

UPPER(string); LOWER(string); REVERSE(string); LTRIM( string); );

RTRIM(string LENGTH(string);

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Copy
Change all the data in a column
UPDATE table_name SET column_name = new_value;

Copy column
UPDATE table_name SET column_name = source_column_name;
 Can use all the string function

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Group data (1)

Category
 UPDATE table_name  SET category = value WHERE conditions

Update statements help you classify data

 Update statements order matters, due to they may change same value

group data column

data have same value in the

 SELECT * FROM table_name  GROUP BY column_name;

 Only show the only one and the first one record

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Group data (2)

Choose value
 UPDATE table_name  SET column_name =  CASE  WHEN condition1 THEN new_value1  WHEN condition2 AND condition3  THEN new_value2  ELSE new_value3 else is optional  END;  or  END WHERE condition4; use this condition to choose specific rows;

CASE expression can be used with SELECT, INSERT, DELETE and UPDATE
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Order data (1)

Show ordered data
 SELECT column_names,  FROM table_name  WHERE conditions,  ORDER BY column_name;

Order rules
 Non-alphabet  Number < text character  NULL < Number  NULL < alphabet character  Uppercase < Lowercase  Space < number
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Order data (2)

Ordered data by multiple columns
ORDER BY column_name1, column_name2, ;
 First order by column_name1, then 2

Descending order
ORDER BY column_name DESC;
 Can use DESCRIBE for DESC table_name  But can not use DESCENDING

Default order
ASC means default order
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Calculate data (1)

NULL is not used by all the calculation functions (absence) SUM()
 SELECT columns, SUM (column_name1)  FROM table_name  GROUP BY column_name1;
 Group all the date with same value in column_name1  Sum all value within the group

AVG()
 SELECT columns, AVG (column_name1)  FROM table_name  GROUP BY column_name1;
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Calculate data (2)

MIN()
SELECT columns, MIN (column_name1) FROM table_name GROUP BY column_name1;

MAX()
SELECT columns, MAX (column_name1) FROM table_name GROUP BY column_name1;

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Calculate data (3)

COUNT(): Count number of the rows in the column
 SELECT COUNT (column_name)  FROM table_name;  GROUP BY another_column;

DISTINCT: Remove all the duplicate records

 SELECT DISTINCT column_name  FROM table_name  Be careful DISTINCT is a keyword

DISTINCT + COUNT() use to calculate the number of absolute different data

 DISTINCT is used to remove duplicate record  COUNT is used the count the number of the rows  Thus this avoid count duplicate records
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Calculate data (4)

Limit the number of results
SELECT columns, SUM (column_name1) FROM table_name GROUP BY column_name1; ORDER BY SUM (column_name1); LIMIT number;
 ORDER BY must after the GROUP BY

Limit number by range

LIMIT index1, index2 index1 is start point Start from 0 Index2 is number of showing result
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SCHEMA
Schema is : A description of the data (columns and tables) in your database, along with any other related objects and the way they all connect Diagram for table design Split the non-atomic field into another table
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Connect tables (1)

FOREIGN KEY
Is a column in a table that reference the PRIMARY KEY of another table Child_tables FOREIGN KEY is the PRIMARY KEY of Parent_table
 FOREIGN KEY is parent key, is from parent table

FOREIGN KEY can be different name FOREIGN KEY can be NULL

 means there is no matching primary key in parent table

FOREIGN KEY dont have to be unique

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Connect tables (2)

Foreign key + constraint
Referential integrity Only be able to insert values into your foreign key that in parent table Use a foreign key to reference a unique value in the parent table

UNIQUE
Not available in MySQL

CHECK
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Create child table (1)

CREATE TABLE table_name (
Columns , child_column_name INT NOT NULL,
 Define child table column name, type,  Dont forget ,

CONSTRAINT parent_id_fk
 name: parent_table_name + parent_column_name + fk(foreign key)

FOREIGN KEY (child_column_name) REFERENCES parent_table_name (parent_column_name) ) ; book has mistake here
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Relationships
One-to-one: plain line
Faster queries Isolate column to avoid NULL in main table Make part of data less accessible Put large piece data into a separate table

One-to-many: black arrow line, only one arrow at the end of many Many-to-many: black arrow line, arrows at both ends
Two one-to-many relationships with a junction table in between
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Junction table
Avoid duplicate data in many-to-many relationship A table step in between two many-tomany tables and simplify the relationship to one-to-many. Contain the two primary key columns of the two related table.

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Composite primary key

Is a primary key Uses several columns together to form a unique primary key in a table

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Dependent column
The A column functionally depend B column, A must change when Bs data is modified Notations
 T.x ; T.y
 Relational table T, column y is functionally dependent on column x

Partial functional dependency

 Non-key column is dependent on some but not all, of the columns in a composite primary key

Transitive functional dependency

 Non-key column is related to any of the other nonkey columns
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2NF- Second Normal Form

2NF focuses on how the primary key relates to the data 2NF rules:
Be in 1NF Have no partial functional dependencies

1NF is also 2NF

If all the columns in the table are part of the primary key OR It has a signal column primary key
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3NF- Third Normal Form

3NF rules:
Be in 2NF Have not transitive dependencies

Table is in 2NF
If it has an artificial primary key and no composite primary key

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50

Pre-populate table (1)

Create table, then insert with select
 CREATE TABLE table_name (  Create Primary_key column,  Column_name  ); normal way

 INSERT INTO table_name (column_name)  SELECT column_name  FROM parent_table_name  GROUP BY column_name  ORDER BY column_name;
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Pre-populate table (2)

Create table with select, then alter to add primary key
 CREATE TABLE table_name  AS  SELECT column_name  FROM parent_table_name  GROUP BY column_name  ORDER BY column_name;  ALTER TABLE table_name  ADD COLUMN primary_key column;

AS funneling all the output of the SELECT into the new table
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Pre-populate table (3)

Create, select and insert at the same time
 CREATE TABLE table_name (  Create Primary_key column,  Column_name  ) AS  SELECT column_name  FROM parent_table_name  GROUP BY column_name  ORDER BY column_name ;
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alias
SQL allow to temporarily give the columns and tables new names Column aliases
 SELECT column_name AS column_alias
 temporary

 FROM table_name  GROUP BY column_alias  ORDER BY column_alias;

Table aliases: called correlation name

 SELECT column_name AS column_alias  FROM table_name AS table_alias  OR  FROM table_name table_alias without AS
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Cartesian Join (1)

Different names: Cartesian product, cross product, cross join, no join
SELECT TableA.column1, TableB.column2 FROM TableA CROSS JOIN TableB OR FROM TableA , TableB COMMA JOIN use , instead of CROSS JOIN

Return every row from table_A cross with every row from table_B The column which has more values, the column show up in groups.
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Cartesian Join (2)

Usage
Can help with fix the joins Used to test the speed of the RDBMS and its configuration

Cartesian join is a type of inner join

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Inner Join
Inner Join combine records from two tables using comparison operator in a condition
 Columns only return the matched join rows  Inner Join is a Cross Join with some result rows removed by a condition in the query

Create Inner Join

 SELECT A.columns, ... , B.columns, , columns  From table_A AS A INNER JOIN Table_B AS B  ON A.column = B.column; relationship
 Also can use WHERE  Matches the two columns in different tables
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Inner Join in actions

Equijoin
 INNER JOIN  ON A.id = B.id;

Inner join test for equality Non-euqijoin

 INNER JOIN  ON A.id <> B.id;

Inner join test for inequality Natural join

 SELECT columns,  FROM table_A NATURAL JOIN table_B;

Inner join identify matching column names Do not need ON conditions
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Subquery (1)
A query is wrapped within another query
OUTER query INNER query Subquery

Take the result of one query and use it as the input to another query Can be used to
Avoid duplicate data Make queries more dynamic
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Subquery (2)
Subquery is always a single SELECT statement Subqueries are always inside () parentheses Subqueries do not get their own ; semicolon
 One ; semicolon goes at the end of entire query

Subqueries can be show up in four places

        SELECT clause SELECT column List FROM clause HAVING clause INSERT DELETE UPDATE SELECT
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Subqueries can be used with

Subquery (3)
SELECT columns FROM table_A NATURAL JOIN table_B WHERE column_name IN (SELECT column FROM table_C);
 Subquery All others are OUTER query
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Subquery (4)
SELECT columns FROM table_name WHERE condition (subquery)  Usually, Subquery return single value, one row from one column  where column = (subquery)  Subquery return more than one value when using IN  where column IN (subquery)  Subquery also can use WHERE condition Can use subquery instead the INNER JOIN
 Join combine all columns from two tables  Subquery can only use the columns from one table
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Subquery as SELECT column

Used as a column expression in SELECT statement Can only return one value from one column
SELECT columns (SELECT column FROM table WHERE conditions) FROM table
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Noncorrelated subquery
Correlated subquery is slow Noncorrelated subquery
 Subquery stands alone  Doesnt reference anything from the outer query

Inner query in no way depends on values from the outer query It can run as a standalone query Noncorrelated subquery with IN, NOT IN
 Use IN, NOT IN to test if the values returned in subquery are members of a set(or not)
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Correlated subquery
Correlated subquery
Inner query relies on the outer query before it can be resolved Use the same alias or correlated name from the outer query

Common use
Find all the rows in the outer query for which no rows exist in a related table EXISTS NOT EXISTS
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EXISTS and NOT EXISTS

EXISTS: Find the results in table_A which at least shows in table_B once
      SELECT columns FROM table_A WHERE EXISTS (SELECT * FROM table_B WHERE condition usually condition involve outer query );

NOT EXISTS: Find the results in table_A which is not in table_B

      SELECT columns FROM table_A WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM table_B WHERE condition usually condition involve outer query );

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Outer Join (1)

Deal with two tables which dont have any matching counterpart
 Relationship between two tables  One-to-many relationship

LEFT OUTER JOIN:

 SELECT columns  FROM Left_table  LEFT OUTER JOIN Right_table  ON relationship;

Takes all the rows in the Left_table and matches them to rows in the Right_table.
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Outer Join (2)

RIGHT OUTER JOIN:
     SELECT columns FROM Left_table RIGHT OUTER JOIN Right_table ON relationship; Takes all the rows in the Right_table and matches them to rows in the Left_table.  Reverse the LEFT OUTER JOIN
 Reason to use these two: change the key word is easier than change the order of the tables

Similar with INNER JOIN but not OUTER JOIN gives all the rows whether there is a match with the other table or not
 Use NULL value to show no match exists
 In LEFT OUTER JOIN, NULL means the Right_table has no value that correspond to the Left_table

Some RDBMS use FULL OUTER JOIN, but not in MySQL, SQL Server or Access

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Self-join (1)
Self-referencing foreign key
 means that it is a key is referencing another field in the same table

The primary key of a table used in that same table for another purpose
 The primary key use to describe other attribute of the elements

Join a single table to itself Used to simulate having two tables with exactly same information
 In a normalized database, would never have two copies of the same table
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Self-join (2)
Use different alias to separate the same table act as two tables
SELECT alias1.column, , alias.column, , FROM table_name AS alias1 INNER JOIN Table_name AS alias2 ON alias1.primary_key = alias2.self_referencing_key;

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Union
Combine the results of queries Combine the results from multiple tables
 SELECT column FROM table_A  UNION OR  UNION ALL
 Return every match, including the duplicate values  By default, results removed duplicate values

 SELECT column FROM table_B  ORDER BY column;

 Only can add ORDER BY at the end of the statement

Rules:
 Number of columns in each SELECT statement must match  Must have same expression and aggregate function in each SELECT statement  Order of SELECT statement doesnt matter  The data types in the columns need to either same or convertible to each other 71

INTERSECT & EXCEPT

UNION, INTERSECT, EXCEPT are used to find parts of queries that overlap INTERSECT:
Returns only those values that are in the first query and also in the second query

EXCEPT:
Returns only those values that are in the first query but not in the second query

MySQL do not have INTERSECT and EXCEPT

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Subqueries vs. Joins (1)

Subquery ORDER BY + LIMIT
 SELECT title FROM job_listings  WHERE salary =  (SELECT MAX(salary) from job_listings);

How about:
 SELECT title FROM job_listings  ORDER BY salary DESC  LIMIT 1;

Self-join
   

subquery

SELECT f1.name, f2.name AS boss FROM friend f1 INNER JOIN friend f2 ON f1.id = f2.boss;

How about:
 SELECT f1.name,  (SELECT name FROM friend WHERE f1.boss = id) AS boss  FROM friend f1;
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Subqueries vs. Joins (2)

Inner Join
       

Subquery

SELECT title FROM job_listings jl INNER JOIN job_current jc ON jl.title = jc.title; SELECT title FROM job_listings WHERE title IN (SELECT title from job_current);

How about:

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Database management
Defensive database
Avoid entering wrong data Stop concurrent operation on the same data at the same time
 CHECK constraints and views both help maintain control when you have multiple users

Limit authority to allow operate on part of data

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CHECK CONSTRAINT
Constraint
 Is a restriction on what you can insert into a column  Example: NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, UNIQUE

CHECK
 CREATE TABLE table_name (  Column_name type CHECK (column_name IN (F, M))

 Condition can be any

 ); OR  ALTER TABLE table_name  ADD CONSTRAINT CHECK column_name IN () ;

condition

CHECK constraint restricts what values you can insert into a column
 Try to INSERT INTO wrong data will get a error and nothing be inserted

Use the same conditions as a WHERE clause, such as AND, OR, IN, NOT, BETWEEN, but not subquery CHECK doesnt enforce data integrity in MySQL
 Can create table with check, but MySQL wont do anything and just ignores it.
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View (1)
View
 Is basically a table that only exists when you use view in query  Virtual table

Can turn any query as a SELECT into a view View can do more than SELECT data from tables, also can UPDATE, INSERT, DELETE Benefits
 Keep change database structure from breaking the applications that depend on the tables  Make easier by simplifying the complex query into a simple command  Create view to hide information that isnt needed by the use
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View (2)
Create a view
 CREATE VIEW view_name AS  Conditions All the queries you want to do ;

Use the view

 SELECT * FROM view_name;
 Actually view do all the job of the queries you defined when it has been created

Delete view
 DROP VIEW view_name;
 Different RDBMSs has different behaviors  Best drop views before drop the table it is based on  MySQL wont let you drop views without its base table is existing, but you can drop table which has view

Check structure
 DESC view_name;
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View (3)
CHECK OPTION
CREATE VIEW view_name AS WHERE Conditions WITH CHECK OPTION;
 Force all inserts and updates to satisfy the WHERE clause in the view

MySQL use CHECK OPTION to imitate the CHECK CONSTRAINT

If the update/insert data is not according the condition of view, it will show error
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View (4)
Updatable view
 An updatable view includes all the NOT NULL columns from the table it references  Allow this kind of view to do the INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE due to all the NOT NULL column can be touched via the view

Non-updatable view
 doesnt include all the NOT NULL columns  Only can do is SELECT

CANNOT update views that contains aggregate operators

 SUM, COUNT and AVG  BETWEEN, HAVING, IN, and NOT IN
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ACID
A: ATOMICITY
 All the pieces of transaction must be completed or none of them be completed.

C: CONSISTENCY
 Keep database in a consistent state at the end of transaction.

I: ISOLATION
 Every transaction has a consistent view of the database regardless of other transaction take place at the same time.

D: DURABILITY
 After transaction, the database needs to save the data correctly and protect it from power outages or other threats.
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Transaction (1)
Transaction is a set of SQL statements to accomplish a single unit of work During a transaction, if all the steps cant be completed without interference, none of them should be completed.
Avoid concurrent problem

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Transaction (2)
START TRANSACTION;
 START TRANSACTION keeps track of all the SQL

COMMIT;
 Make the actions permanent

ROLLBACK;
 Reverse everything to the way it was before you START TRANSACTION

No change will occur to the database until you COMMIT RDBMS keep record of everything that has been done when you inside a transaction
 It cost storage space
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Storage engines
Make sure your storage engine is either BDB or InnoDB,
BDB, InnoDB are two possible way that support transaction RDBMS can store data behind the scenes.

Change storage engine

ALTER TABLE table_name TYPE = InnoDB;

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Root user account

ROOT user
 The first user ROOT user has complete control over everything in the database.

Set password
 SET PASSWORD FOR  root @ localhost  = PASSWORD(password); ORACLE use:  ALTER user root IDENTIFIED BY new_password;
 Root users user name: root  localhost indicates that this is where the SQL software is installed and running  localhost is the default value, and it is optional

Remote access
 You have to tell the query: IP address, or a hostname instead of localhost.
 root@A100.simpleworlf.com
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Create new user

SQL doesnt specify how to manage users
Need check RDBMSs documentation

Most use statements:

CREATE USER user_name IDENTIFIED BY user_password;

86

GRANT (1)
Control exactly what users can do to tables and columns Typical
 GRANT SELECT
 Can change to INSERT, DELETE, UPDATE

 ON table_name  TO user_name;

Give multiple privilege

 GRANT SELECT, INSERT  ON table_name  TO user_name;

Name multiple users

 GRANT DELETE  ON table_name  TO user1, user2;
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GRANT (2)
Assign ALL privileges
GRANT ALL ON table_name TO user_name;
 Allow all permission with SELECT, INSERT, DELETE, UPDATE

Allow current user gives this privilege to any other user

GRANT SELECT ON table_name TO user_name WITH GRANT OPTION
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GRANT (3)
Specific column: only can used for SELECT
GRANT SELECT (column_name, column_name 2) ON table_name TO user_name

Wildcard: Give the user the privilege for every table in the database
GRANT SELECT ON database_name.* TO user_name

GRANT global privileges in MySQL

GRANT SELECT ON *.* TO user_name;
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REVOKE (1)
REVOKE privileges
 REVOKE SELECT  ON table_name  FROM user_name;  If the unassigned privilege with get an error

Revoke GRANT OPTION privilege: Without remove the privilege on current user, just remove the GRANT OPTION privilege
 REVOKE GRANT OPTION  ON DELETE  ON table_name  FROM user_name;
 CAN NOT assign this privilege to others any more  But, all the user got the privilege from this user, will lose their permission as well
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REVOKE (2)
CASCADE: Remove the privilege from current user as well as anyone else that current user gave permission to. (usually is default)
 REVOKE DELETE  ON table_name  FROM user_name CASCADE;

RESTRICT: both current user and the sub_user can retain the privilege, the root get an error, if the current user gave any other user this privilege before
 REVOKE DELETE  ON table_name  FROM user_name RESTRICT;
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REVOKE (3)
If the user get the privilege from different time/people
Different RDBMSs have different response Some will pay attention to where GRANT came from when CASCADE is used Some will ignore it Just check the documentation

Both GRANT, REVOKE can use on VIEW, but be careful with the non-updatable view
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Role (1)
There is no ROLE in MySQL To give groups the privileges instead of assign them individually Create
CREATE ROLE role_name;

Define roles privileges

GRANT SELECT ON table_name TO role_name;

Assign user to the role

GRANT role_name TO user_name;
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Role (2)
Delete role
DROP ROLE role_name;

Drop a role in use, it also cut related users off from the permissions Revoke role from user
REVOKE role_name FROM user_name;

A user can have more than one role at a time

Need make sure do not have conflicting permissions Denied permission > Grant permission
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Role (3)
Allow the roles users to grant this role to anyone else
GRANT role_name TO user_name WITH ADMIN OPTION

CASCADE
REVOKE role_name FROM user_name CASCADE;

RESTRICT
REVOKE role_name FROM user_name RESTRICT;
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Combine user creation and grant

GRANT SELECT ON table_name TO user_name IDENTIFIED BY password;

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Check status
Check current user
SELECT CURRENT_USER;
 root@localhost

Check current
SELECT CURRENT_DATE; SELECT CURRENT_TIME;

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Reserved words
There are bunch of reserved words.
When try to use single-world, you glance through the lists to make sure

SQL has a list of non-reserved words may become reserved in future releases of SQL.

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Special characters
* () ; , . _ % ! \ + Comparison > < = !> !< <>, != >= <= & | ^ ~

To escape , you need use \ or extra

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ALL
Before
 SELECT columns FROM table_name  WHERE column IN  (SELECT column FROM table_name);

ALL:
 Greater than ALL finds any values larger than the biggest value in the set
 SELECT columns FROM table_name  WHERE column > ALL  (SELECT column FROM table_name);

 Less than ALL finds any values smaller than the smallest value in the set
 WHERE column < ALL
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ANY
ANY Greater than ANY finds any values larger than the smallest value in the set
 SELECT columns FROM table_name  WHERE column >ANY  (SELECT column FROM table_name);

Less than ANY finds any values smaller than the largest value in the set
 SELECT columns FROM table_name  WHERE column < ANY  (SELECT column FROM table_name);
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SOME
Means the things as ANY in standard SQL syntax, and in MySQL . Check the RDBMS to confirm that it works which way

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Temporary table
Temporary table exists from the time you create it until you drop it, or until the user session ends
 Session means from signed in to sign out  RDBMS syntax varies greatly with this, please check first  CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE table_name  ( columns); OR  CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE table_name  AS  SELECT * FROM permanent_table;
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Numeric functions
ABS(x) ACOS(x) ASIN(x) ATAN(x,y) CELL(x) COS(x) COT(x) EXP(x) FLOOR(x) FORMAT(x,y) LN(x) LOG(x), LOG(x,y) MOD(x,y) PI() POWER(x,y) RADIANS(x) RAND(x) ROUND(x), ROUND(x,y) SIGN(x) SIN(x) SQRT(x) TAN(x) TRUNCATE(x,y)
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Indexing
Index help RDBMS speed up
If you search the column frequently

Add index
ALTER TABLE table_name ADD INDEX (column_name);

To be continue

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Get a GUI for RDBMS

MySQL GUI tools
 http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/gui-tools/5.0.html

CocoaMySQL
 http://cocoamysql.sourceforge.net/

Web solution: phphMySQL

 http://www.phpmysql.net/

Navicat offer 30 days free trail

 http://www.navicat.com/

SQLyog offers a free community edition

 http://www.webyog.com/en/

To be continue
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PHP/MySQL
PHP help you get data via web PHP code take all date from database and store it in an array

To be continue

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