Microbiology/Parasitology Laboratory Demos PRACS REVIEW 2

Classmates, These are the pictures from the past Parasitology lab demos we had. I compiled them for the class with the help of some of our batch mates. Please do review more about the parasites. This presentation contains mostly, if not all, the necessary information about the parasites, but this does not supplant everything. Please do review also the techniques and methods in our Laboratory manual. Feel free to correct any errors. I hope this helps. Good luck!

Petal

Lung Fluke
Paragonimus westermani
Phylum: Platyhelminthes Class: Trematoda Family: Troglomatidae Genus: Paragonimus Species: westermani INFECTIVE STAGE = Metacercariae DIAGNOSTIC STAGE = Eggs FIRST IH = Snails SECOND IH = Crabs

Lung Fluke
 P. westermani Adult
 Medium Sized Fluke  Plump, ovoid, reddish brown 
fluke Dx features:  Presence of scale-like scaleintegumental spines  Presence of ventral and oral suckers located on the anterior half of the fluke  Presence of two lobate testes situated side by side  Centrally located lobate ovary anterior to testes  Highly branched vitellaria occupy the entire body length laterally

Lung Fluke
 P. westermani ova
 Medium Unembryonated  Operculated  Features:
   Broad operculated anterior end Thickened posterior end Expectorated in sputum or can be detected in feces in unembryonated/undeveloped stage

Thickened posterior end

Undeveloped miracidium Operculated end

Malaria
Plasmodium sp.
Phylum: Apicomplexa Class: Coccidea (Sporozoa) Order: Hemosporidia Genus: Genus: Plasmodium Species: Species: falciparum, vivax, ovale, malariae INFECTIVE STAGE = Sporozoites DIAGNOSTIC STAGE = Gametocytes Biologic Vector = Anopheles Mosquito Definitive Host = Anopheles Mosquito Intermediate Host = Humans

Morphological Characteristics of Different Malarial Parasites and their Stages

Form: Infected RBC size Shape Stipplings Trophozoites (ring forms) Schizont No. of Merozoites

P. falciparum Not enlarged Round but may be crenated Maurers dots Small delicate rings; multiple w/ acole forms Rare, seen only in severe cases 12-32 12-

P. vivax Enlarged Round Shuffners dots Small, large rings, amoeboid Irregular contours 12-24 12-

P. malariae Not enlarged Round Ziemanns or James Dots Small, compact rings, band forms Compact, round 6-12 forms regular rosette like clusters Round, compact

P. ovale Enlarged Oval, fimbriated Shuffners Dots Small, compact rings Compact 4-12 forms irregular rosetterosettelike cluster Round, small

Gametocyte

banana- or bananasausage shaped

RoundRound-large

 P. falciparum, early falciparum,

trophozoite; ring forms; multiple parasitism

 P. falciparum; falciparum;
trophozoite; thin ring like structure

 P. falciparum. falciparum.
gametocyte; banana or sausage shaped structure

 P. vivax, vivax,
trophozoite; amoeboid form; one chromatin dot; large infected RBC

 P. vivax, vivax,
trophozoite; compact form; enlarged RBC; One chromatin dot

 P. vivax, trophozoite vivax,

 P. vivax, schizont; vivax,

and merozoites; chromatin dots inside the large infected RBC

 P. vivax, schizont; vivax,

many chromatin dots

 P. malariae; malariae;
trophozoite; band form

 P. malariae.
schizonts; schizonts; regular, daisydaisy-like arrangement

schizont

 P. malariae, malariae,
gametocytes

 P. ovale, ovale,
gametocyte

Blood Hemoflagellates
Trypanosoma sp. Leshmania sp.
Phylum: Sarcomastigophora Superclass: Mastigophora Order: Kinetoplastida

Comparison among the Flagellates: Trypanosoma sp.

Features: Diseases: T. brucei gambiense Gambian Trypanosomiasis; Mild and West African Sleeping Sickness Trypomastigote Metacyclic trypomastigotes Riverine Tse-tse fly (Glossina palpalis); Tse(Glossina palpalis); Exist as epimastigotes 1st yr: Acute stage; 2nd yr: Chronic Stage; ChancreChancre- site of bite Winterbottoms sign- enlarged superficial signpost. cervical lymph node;CSF Changes Terminal Sleeping stage death T. brucei rhodesiense Rhodesian Trypanosomiasis; East African Sleeping Sickness Trypomastigote Metacyclic trypomastigote Woodland tse-tse fly (Glossina tse(Glossina morsitans) morsitans)- as epimastigotes Same with gambiense but More rapid and fatal course often terminates in 1 yr Chronic lesion in CSF less frequent death intervenes before cerebrospinal changes occur Same as gambiense T. cruzi American Trypanosomiasis; Chagas Disease Amastigotes(heart,muscle,liver ,CNS); trypomastigotes-blood trypomastigotesMetacyclic trypomastigotes Reduviid bugs-kissing bugbugsbugAssassin bug (Triatoma sp) (Triatoma sp) ChagomaChagoma- local inflammatory chancre Acute form- Romanas sign: formunilateral edema of the eyelids if bitten near eye Chronic form- Megas formsyndrome: Megaesophagus and Megacolon Tissue scraping- amastigotes scrapingBlood culture- Novy-MacNeal culture- Novy& Nicole (NNN)mediium; Xenodiagnosis; LD Bodies No satisfactory tx; used in acute stage to prevent chronic; Nifurtimox, Benznidazole Vector control; health educ.;protection fr. Bites; prevent blood trxn, infection

Diagnostic Stage: Infective Stage: Vector: PathologyPathologySymptomatology

Diagnosis:

Clinical Hx;PE; Definitive lab Dx: trypanosomes in blood, Lymph nodes, BM early, CSF late; serologic, animal inoculation Pentamidine isethionate and suramine early; Melarsoprol and tryparsamide late Early detection/tx; hygiene; chemoprophylaxis; vector control

Treatment:

Same as gambiense but requires earlier and more intensive treatment Same as gambiense

Prevention:

Comparison among the Flagellates: Leishmania sp.

Features: Diseases: L. Tropica ( L. major, L. aethiopica) Oriental Sore; Old World Cutaneous Leishmaniasis; Baghdad Boil; Recidivans or Chronic Relapsing Cutaneous Leishmaniasis; L. tropica- Dry or Chronic Cut. Leish. tropicaL. major- wet or Acute majorL. aethiopica- cutaneous and aethiopicadiffuse/disseminated Amastigotes Metacyclic Promastigotes Sandflies (Phlebotomus) (Phlebotomus) L. tropica- early: oriental sore at site tropicaof bite; late: multiple on exposed body surface L. major- early: multiple LE; late: majorwet oriental sore L. aethipica- lepromatid, aethipicaintermediate, tuberculoid Lesion:presence of elevated and indurated margin of ulcer; skin lesions amastigotes Giemsa, Wrights stain; NNN medium; Montenegro Immunologic test DOC: Pentavalent Antimonial Sodium Stibogluconate Vector control; protection fr. Bites L. mexicana Chiclero Ulcer American Leishmaniasis; New World; Cutaneous (mostly) L. braziliense Espundia Mucocutaneous (mostly) L. donovani KalaKala-azar disease; Visceral Leishmaniasis; Death fever; Dumdum fever; Tropical Splenomegaly

Diagnostic Stage: Infective Stage: Vector: PathologyPathologySymptomatology

Amastigotes Metacyclic Promastigote Sandflies (Lutzomyia) (Lutzomyia) Diffuse Cutaneous LeishmaniasisLeishmaniasis- produces mainly cutaneous lesions

Amastigotes Same Same Espundia -produces mainly mucocutaneous lesions

Same Same Sandflies Black Sickness ( KalaKala-azar); enlarged but less striking liver; fever, splenomegaly,cach exia; dermal lesion at site of infection Skin lesions: amastigotes; RESRESLD bodies; NNN medium;BM smears; serology Same same

Diagnosis:

Scrapings/biopsiesScrapings/biopsiesGiemsa stain amastigotes; NNN medium; serology, Montenegro Test Pentavalent Antimony; Ampho B; Cortisone Same

Same

Treatment: Prevention:

Same Same

 T. gambiense, gambiense,
trypomastigotes

Features:
 Elongated, spindle-shaped, flagellum ends at the kinetoplast that is situated posterior to nucleus

 Leishmania tropica, tropica,

from culture  PROMASTIGOTE

 Leishmania tropica, from tropica,

infected hamster  AMASTIGOTE

Lymphatic Filarial Worms

Brugia malayi Wuchureria bancrofti
Phylum: Aschelminthes Class: Nematoda INFECTIVE STAGE = L3 (Third Stage Larva) DIAGNOSTIC STAGE = Microfilariae Vector = Mosquito

W. bancrofti vs. B. malayi

Characteristic:

W. bancrofti

B. malayi

Sheath

Present

Present

Cephalic Space

L=W, short

L>W long

Body Curves

Regular, Large

Irregular, small, many

Body Nuclei

Round, medium-sized, wellmediumwellseparated No nuclei; pointed end

Small angular, overlapping

Tail

2 widely spaced nuclei at tip blunt end

 Wuchereria bancrofti

sheath

Well separated nuclei

 Brugia malayi

Overlapping nuclei

Blood Flukes
Schistosoma sp.
Phylum: Platyhelminthes Class: Trematoda Genus: Schistosoma Species: japonicum, mansoni, haematonium (others: mekongi, intercalatum) INFECTIVE STAGE = Cercaria DIAGNOSTIC STAGE = Eggs in Feces Intermediate host = Snails Mode of Transmission = Skin Penetration

 S. japonicum egg
 Features:
 
Developed miracidium

Has developed miracidium Lateral knob small lateral spine

 Cercaria of
Schistosoma
 Features:
   Forked-tailed when discharged from the snail Fork situated at the posterior third of the tail Oral and ventral suckers are developed

 Miracidium of
Schistosoma
 Features:
   Ciliated Pyriform in shape w/ primitive gut

Comparison Among the Schistosoma Species

S. japonicum
Geographic Distribution Snail Intermediate Host Habitat Disease Philippines, China, Sulawesi in Indonesia, Japan, Taiwan Oncomelania hupensis quadrasi Veins of Small intestine Oriental Schistosomiasis Katayama Disease Schistosomiasis japonica Small lateral spine (lateral knobknob-like) Praziquantel

S. mansoni
Africa, South America, West Indies, Puerto Rico Biomphalaria glabrata

S. haematobium
Middle East, Africa, Southern Tip of Europe Bulinus truncatus

Veins of Large intestine Intestinal Bilharziasis Schistosomiasis mansoni Large lateral spine Praziquantel and Oxamniquine

Veins of the genitournary system Schistosomal hematuria Vesical Schstosimiasis Urinary Bilharziasis Large terminal spine Praziquantel and Metrifonate

Egg Treatment

Schistosoma, Schistosoma, adult


Features:  With oral and ventral suckers  Narrow elongated shape  Separate sexes; dioecious  Male: shorter, more sturdy, grayish, cylindrical anterior end, presence of gynecophoral canal (which the female is embraced during copulation)  Female: longer, more slender, darker  Integument  Smooth or tuberculated depending on species  Distinctive to species  Number of testes in the male  Length of the uterus  Number of eggs  Excretory System  Flame cells (collecting tubules leading into small bladder w/ terminal excretory pore)

 S. japonicum, adult in japonicum,

copula

male

Gynecophoral canal

female

 S. mansoni, in copula mansoni,

 S. mekongi, in copula mekongi,

Intestinal Protozoans: Amoeba

Entamoeba histolytica Entamoeba coli Endolimax nana Iodamoeba butschlii INFECTIVE STAGE = Mature Cyst DIAGNOSTIC STAGE = Cysts and Trophozoites

Parasite Disease Mode of transmission Life cycle Infective stage Diagnostic stage Definitive host Intermediate host Habitat Distinguishin g morphology:

Entamoeba hystolitica
Amoebiasis, amoebic dysentery, amoebic hepatitis Ingestion of water and veggies, food contaminated with feces positive with cyst Direct Mature Cyst with 4 nuclei Trophozoites and cysts in feces Man

Entamoeba coli
Non pathogenic Ingestion of cyst

Endolimax nana
Intestinal commensa; nonnon-pathogenicl Ingestion of cyst

I. butschii
Commensal; nonnonpathogenic Ingestion of cyst

Direct Cyst Trophozoites and cyst in feces Man

Direct Cyst Cyst and trophozoites Man

Direct Mature cyst Cyst, trophozoites in feces Man

LI Trophozoite w/ pseudopod; has ectoplasm and endoplasm;centrally located karyosomekaryosome-Bull eyes karyosome; uniform progreeive movement; presence of rbcs; cystcystchromatoidal bodies Primary lesion- intestinal; lesionSecondary lesionlesionextraintestinal; flask-shaped flaskulcers Metronidazole/mebendazole

LI TrophozoiteTrophozoite- granular cytoplasm, ingested bacteria, sluggish movement, large eccentric karyosomes; Cyst -Splinter like chromatoidal bodies; 8 nuclei

LI Large irregular karyosome; no peripheral chromatin; oval cyst with 4 nuclei

LI CystCyst- single nucleus w/ irregular karyosome, no peripheral chromatin, large glycogen vacuolevacuolestains brown with iodine

Pathology

Treatment

Metronidazole

Mebendazole

Metronidazole

 Trophozoite, E.
hystolityca

karyosome

 Cyst, E. histolytica

 Trophozoite, E.coli

karyosome

 Cyst, E. coli

 Cyst, E. nana

karyosome

Intestinal Flagellate/Intestinal Ciliate

Dientamoeba fragilis Chilomastix mesnilli Giardia lamblia Balantidium coli

Parasite Disease Mode of transmission Life cycle Infective stage Diagnostic stage: DH IH Habitat Distinguishing morphology:

C. mesnilii
NonNon-pathogenic Ingestion of cyst from contaminated food Direct Cyst Cyst and trophozoites Man

G. lamblia
Giardiasis, Travellers diarrhea Ingestion of cyst Direct Cyst Cyst Man

B. coli
Balantidiasis/Balantidosis Ingestion of cyst Direct Cyst Cyst Man

D. fragilis

Ingestion of cyst Direct Trophozoites Trophozoites Man

LI Trophozoite: 4 anterior flagella; cytosomal groove; curved posterior; cyst: clear knob on cyst

Duodenum, proximal jejunum old mans face TrophozoiteTrophozoite- 2 parabasal bodies, 4 pairs of flagella, 2 nuclei w/ large central karyosomes, dorsal-convex, dorsalventralventral-3/4 ovoid w/ concave sucking disk Malabsorpton SyndromeSyndromesteatorrhea

LI TrophozoiteTrophozoite-bean shaped macronucleus,micronucleus ,ant end- cytosome, post endendendcytopyge, vacuoles and inclusions; cyst- only cystmacronucleus Ulcers, acute infectioninfectiondiarrhea , chronic infectioninfectionintermittent diarrhea Tetracycline, Iodoquinol, Metronidazole

LI No cyst!!!

Pathology

Asymptomatic w/ persistent diarrhea Iodoquinol, Tetracycline

Treatment

Metronidazole

Metronidazole; Quinacrine HCl

 Cyst, Chilomastix mesnili


N= nucleus (remember lemon shaped cyst)

 Trophozoite, Chilomastix
mesnili

nucleus

 Trophozoite, G. lamblia
nucleus

flagella

Parabasal body

 Cyst, G. lamblia

Cyst wall

 Cyst, B. coli
Cyst wall

vacuole

 Trophozoite, B. coli

macronucleus vacuole

Nematodes
Ascaris lumbricoides Trichuris trichiura Enterobius vermicularis Necator americanus Ancylostoma duodenale Strongyloides stercoralis Capillaria philippinensis Trichinella spiralis

Parasite

A. lumbricoides

T. trichiura

E. Vermicularis

N. americanus

A. duodenale

S. stercoralis

C. philippinensis

Common name

Giant worm

Whipworm

Pinworm, seatworm

New world hookworm

Old world hookworm

Threadworm

Disease

Ascariasis

Trichuriasis

Enterobiasis, oxyuriasis

Necatoriasis

Ancylostomia sis,

CochinCochinchina diarrhea, strongyloido sis

Pudocs disease

T T h

Morpholog ical features

3 oval lips

Attenuated pointed end

Cephalic alae

Semilunar cutting plates

2 pairs of teeth, equal size

Female: parthenogen etic; filariform larvae: forked tail; rhabditiform: short buccal cavity, conspicuous genital primordium

A , w p m L l t a

Habitat

Small intestine

Large intestine, cecum

Large intestine

Small intestine

Small intestine

Small intestine

Small intestine

S I

Infective stage

Embryonated egg

Embryonated egg (barrel shaped w/bipolar mucus pllug) Egg

Embryonated egg (D(Dshaped)

Filariform larva

Filariform larva

Filaform larva

3rd larva stage

E l

Diagnostic stage

Egg

Egg/adult worm

Egg

Egg

Rhabditiform larva

Egg (peanut shaped)

E l s m

Diagnosis

Eggs in feces

Eggs in feces

Scotch tape/adhesive tape

Eggs in feces/ Harada mori method

Eggs in feces

Rhabditiform larva in feces

Eggs in feces

M b i m

Clinical manifestation

Obstruction; loefflers syndrome (larva)

Rectal prolapse

Nocturnal pruritus ani

Larva:groun d itch/dew itch Adult: microcytic hypochromic anemia of iron anemia deficiency type

Larva:ground itch/dew itch Adult: microcytic hypochromic anemia of iron anemia deficiency type

Malabsorption syndrome/ste atorrhea/larva currens

Borborygmi/ur gling stomach

E e i l a

 Egg, A. lumbricoides
decorticated

(know the differences among the features: embryonated, unfertilized, decorticated!!!)

fertilized

 Adult male and female,

Ascaris lumbricoides

 Egg, T. trichiura

(barrel shaped- bipolar mucus plugs (in arrow)) shaped-

 Adult male, T. richiura

Curved end

whiplike

 Adult female, T. trichiura

 Ova, E. vermicularis
(clear D-shaped egg) D-

 Adult female, E. vermicularis female,

Cephalic alae

 Adult male, E. vermicularis

Cephalic alae

 Adult male, N. americanus

Buccal capsule

 Adult female, N. americanus

Conspicuous pair of semilunar cutting plates

 Adult male, A.
ceylanicum
Buccal capsule

 Adult female, A. ceylanicum

2 pairs of teeth, Unequal size

 Hookworm ova
Thin shell

 Hookworm, filariform
larva
Pointed tail

esophagus

 Hookworm,
rhabditiform larva

Pointed end

 Ova, C. philippinensis

(Remember: peanut shaped)

 Adult male or female,

C. philippinensis

 Encysted larva,
T. spiralis

 Adult male, T. spiralis

 Adult female,
T.spiralis

Intestinal Trematodes
Fasciolopsis buski Echinostoma ilocanum Heterophyes heterophyes Metagonimus yokogawai Phylum: Platyhelminthes Class: Trematoda

Comparison among the Intestinal Trematodes

Parasite Common name Disease F. buski Giant Intestinal Fluke Fasciolopsiasis E. Ilocanum Garrisons fluke Echinostomiasis H. heterophyes None Heterophiasis M. yokogawai None Metagonimiasis

Adult

Largest, oral sucker=1/4 of ventral sucker, w/ transverse spines, 2 dendritic testes in tandem in post. Half, single branched ovary in the middle; unbranched ceca w/ lateral indentations

Reddish gray, covered w/ plaqueplaquelike scales; anterior end=circumoral disk w/ crown of 49-51 49spines; oral sucker= center of disk; ventral sucker= anterior 5th of body; testes=depply lobed, tandem; ovary=front of testes

Pyriform; scale like spines; large central suckers= ant. Middle third of body; genital sucker at the left post border; 2 ovoid testes

Pyriform; round post and tapering ant end; scale like spines more numerous at the anterior end; large ventral sucker at rt of midline; genital opening at ant rim; globose ovary at the junction of middle and lower third ofbody; fan-shaped fanvitellaria Light yell- brown; thin yellshell; operculated; nodular thickening at post end; embryonated (mature miracidium) at oviposition

Egg

Yellowish, ellipsoidal, Clear, thin shell, small operculum; undeveloped when passed in feces

Straw colored, ovoid, operculated; immature when passed in feces; same w/ F. buski and F. hepatica

Light brown, thick shell, operculated; fully developed miracidia at oviposition; slight shoulder at the opercular rim; knob at post pole

Miracidium

Cilia covered, spine head, pigmented eye spot, 2 flame cells, cephalic glands and germinal cells Slender muscular tails; heavy bodies Outer friable cyst wall; firm inner wall Indirect Indirect Indirect Indirect Simple tail body; miniature form

Cercaria

Metacercaria

Life cycle

Definitive host

Humans, dog

Man, mammals, birds

Man, domesticated and fish eating mammals Blackish water snails: Prinella, Cerithedia

Man and other fish eating mammals Snails: Simisulcospira, Thiara, Hua Salmonoid: Salmo, Plectoglossus Cyprinoid fishes: Richardsonium, Odontobuntis

1st IH

Planorbid snails: Segmentia, Gyraulus, Hippeutus sp. sp. Waer plant

Planorbid snails: Gyraulus, Hippeutus sp. sp. Kuhol Pilo luzona

2nd IH

Fish: Tilapia, Mugil, Acanthobius

Habitat

SI

SI

SI

SI

Mode of transmission

Ingestion of contaminated plants

Ingestion of infected snails

Ingestion of infected fish

Ingestion of infected fish

Infective stage

Metacercaria

Metacercaria

Metacercaria

Metacercaria

Diagnostic stage

Egg

Egg

Egg

Embryonated egg

Specimen of choice

Feces

Feces

Feces

Feces

Pathology and Symptomatology

Trauma, obstruction, toxicitytoxicity-periorbital edema

Same with Fasciolopsis; diarrhea sometimes bloofy

In heavy infections: mucoid diarrhea, eosinohilia, granuomatous lesions of the heart and brain Praziquantel

Same with heterophyes

Treatment/DOC

Praziquantel, niclosamide

Praziquantel, hexylresorcinol, tetrachloroethylene

Praziquantel

 Egg, Fasciolopsis buski

operculum

 Metagonimus yokogawai
Oral sucker

ceca

Round ovary

testes

 Adult, Echinostoma ilocanum Adult,

scales Oral sucker vitellaria Ventral sucker

ovary Lobed testes

Liver Flukes
Phylum = Platyhelminthes Class = Trematoda Subclass = Digenea Suborder = Amphistomata Paramphistomatidae = Gastrodiscoides (the only Fluke in the Large Intestines) (the Intestines) Suborder = Distomata Troglomatidae = Paragonimus Fasciolidae = Fasciola & Fasciolopsis Opisthorchidae = Clonorchis & Opisthorchis Heterophyidae = Heterophyes & Metagonimus

 CLASSIFICATION OF LIVER FLUKES  A. Classification of Liver Flukes According to Size  1. Large (2-8cm) (2 Fasciola hepatica  Fasciola gigantica

 2. Medium (1-2cm) (1-

 Clonorchis sinensis  Opisthorchis felineus  Opisthorchis viverinni

 B. Classification of Liver Flukes According to Intermediate Host  1. Water Plant Borne

 Fasciola hepatica  Fasciola gigantica

 2. Fish-Borne Fish-

 Clonorchis sinensis  Opisthorchis felineus  Opisthorchis viverinni

 C. Classification of Trematode Eggs  1. Large Unembryonated Eggs (100-160u) (100 Fasciola hepatica  Fasciola gigantica

2. Small Embryonated Eggs (23-32u) (23 Clonorchis sinensis  Opisthorchis felineus  Opisthorchis viverinni

Fasciola spp

Clonorchis sinensis

Opisthorchis spp

General Characteristics (Thanks Jimboy! For this Summary. ) Disease Fascioliasis Liver Rot Pharyngeal Fascioliasis Halzoun Sheep Liver Fluke (F. hepatica) Liver Fluke (F. gigantica) Indirect Metacercariae Man, Sheep, Cow, Deer, etc Ova in Feces Lymneid Snail Water Plants Clonorchiasis Opisthorchiasis

Common Name

Chinese / Oriental Liver Fluke Indirect Metaceracariae Man and Dog Ova in Feces Planorbid (Operculate) Snails Freshwater Fish (Cyprinoid) None

Cat Liver Fluke

Life Cycle Infective Stage Definitive Host Diagnostic Stage First Intermediate Host Second Intermediate Host Reservoir Host

Indirect Metaceracariae Man and Dog Ova in Feces Planorbid Snails Freshwater Fish (Cyprinoid) None

Habitat

Bile Ducts & Biliary Passages

Bile Ducts & Biliary Passages

Bile Ducts & Biliary Passages

Morphology Shape Suckers Testes Ovary Egg Intestinal Ceca Vitellaria Unique Feature Leaf Shape Oral < Ventral Dendritic; Tandem Fan-Shaped Unembryonated Branched Branched Cephalic Cone / Shoulder Oblong, Lanceolate Shaped Oral > Ventral Branched; Tandem Oval Embryonated Simple Diffuse, Irregularly Distributed Eggs smaller than C. sinensis Oblong, Lanceolate Shaped Oral = Ventral Lobate; Oblique Oval Embryonated Simple Cluster / Compressed Follicles

 Haplorchis taichui

 Adult, Clonorchis sinensis

Intestinal ceca

 Egg, Opisthorchis viverrini

 Adult, Opisthorchis viverrini

Ventral sucker

Intestinal ceca

vittelaria

 Egg, Fasciola hepatica

operculum Thin shell

Intestinal Cestodes
Taenia solium Taenia saginata Diphyllobothrium latum Hymenolepsis nana Hymenolepsis diminuta Dipylidium caninum

Parasite Common Name Disease

T. solium
Pork tapeworm

T. saginata
Beef tapeworm

D. latum
Broad fish tapeworm Dyphyllobothriasis ;broad fish tapeworm infection Indirect Man Copepods(1st), freshwater fish (2nd) Longest tapeworm of humans; 3-10 3meters; 3,000 proglottids Spatulate; almond shaped; 2 deep dorsoventral suctorial grooves called bothria Broader than long;both female and male reproductive organs

H. nana
Dwarf tapeworm

H. diminuta
Rat tapeworm

D. caninum
Dog tapeworm

Taeniasis; pork tapeworm infection; human cystecercosis cellulosae Indirect Man Pigs

Taeniasis saginata; beef tapeworm infection Indirect Man Cattle

Hymenolepiasis nana, dwarf tapeworm infection Direct Man

Hymenolepiasis diminuta

Dipylidiasis; dog tapeworm infection

Life cycle DH IH

Indirect Rats Rat fleas

Indirect Dogs Dog fleas

Size

800800-1000 segments; 2-4 2meters

4-6 meters;1,000 to 2000 proglottids

Short; 200 proglottids

Larger than H.nana; 8008001000 proglottids

6060-175 proglottids

Scolex

Globular with 4 cupcup-shaped suckers; rostellum armed with 2 rows of 2525-30 hooks Square; unilateral or irregularly alternate genital pores; trilobed ovary

Pyriform; 4 prominent hemispherical suckers

Small, globular, short retractile rostellum; single ring of small hooks and 4 cup shaped suckers Trapezoidal; 4x broad as long; single genital pore on its left side; 3 round testes and bilobed ovary

ClubClub-shaped; rudimentary apical unarmed rostellum; four small suckers Resemble H. nana Pumpkin seed proglottid

Mature proglottid

Broad and shorter; irregularly alterante lateral pores

Gravid

7-12 lateral branches

>13 (15-30) (15lateral branches; no uterine pore SI Cystecercus bovis SI Plerocercoid

Sacculate; uterus contains 8080180 eggs SI Embryonated egg

Saccular uterus filled with egg masses SI Embryonated egg

Membranous capsules (15(15-25 eggs) SI Eggs in packets or gravid proglottids No polar filaments on the inner membrane Light or mild; llifespan is short in personspersons- 56weeks Characteristic eggs in stool

Habitat Infective stage

SI Cystecercus cellulosae

Egg

Hexacanth embryo wth six hooklets

Same with T. solium; solium; yellow brown; radially striated embrophore Pathology mainly due to its large size; adult worms rarely cause symptoms Proglottids and eggs in feces;

YellowishYellowishbrown; ovoidal

2 membranes enclosing a hexacanth embryo with 6 hooklets Enteritis; abd pain w/wo diarrhea; anorexia, vomiting, HA, diziness Characteristic eggs in feces

No polar filaments on the inner membrane Light and mild; life span in person- shortperson- short5-6 weeks

Pathology

Loefflers syndromesyndromelarvae;adultlarvae;adultinflammation of themucosa Proglottids and eggs in feces; cysticercus cellulosae in biopsy Praziquantel; niclosamide; paramomycin

AdultAdult- systemic toxemia; mechanical obstruction;bot riocphalus anemia Operculated eggs or evacuated proglottids in feces or vomit Niclosamide

Diagnosis

Characteristic eggs in stool

Treatment

Niclosamide

Praziquantel; niclosamide; paromomycin

Praziquantel; niclosamide; paromomycin

Praziquantel; niclosamide; paromomycin

 Egg, Taenia

 Cysticercus, T. solium
Invaginated scolex

bladder

 Scolex, Taenia solium

neck

Armed rostellum

sucker

 Scolex, T. saginata

suckers

 Egg, D. latum

Polar filaments

Hexacanth embryo

Embyo w/ six hooketss

Egg, H. nana

Egg, H. diminuta

 Egg, D. caninum

Oncosphere

 Mature gravid,
Dipylidium caninum

Tissue Cestodes
Echinococcus granulosus Echinococcus multilocularis

Phylum: Platyhelminthes Class:Cestoda

Parasite
Common Name Disease Morphological characteristics: Size Scolex Gravid proglottids habitat Life cycle Infective stage Diagnostic stage Egg Definitive host/ Accidental host Intermediate host Pathology Diagnosis

E. granulosus
Hydatid worm Echinococcosis

E. multilocularis
Hydatid worm (alveolar hydatid disease) Alveolar echinococcosis

Smallest tapeworm; 3-6mm 3Globular; prominent rostellum w/double crown of 3030-36 hooks; 4 prominent suckers Median uterus, 12-15, 12-15 branches distended 1212with eggs SI of dog/man Indirect Eggs ingested by sheep or man Eggs in feces Thick striated shell Dogs and other canines/ man Sheep (most common), cattle, horses, camels Inflammatory reaction from unilocular cyst Presence of slowly growing cystic tumor; history of residence in endemic area; close association with dogs; protosclices, broad capsule or daughter cysts in hydatid cyst in fluid Surgery; albendazole

Similar to E. granulosus Similar to E. granulosis Same SSI Indirect Eggs Eggs in feces Taenia like Dogs/ Man Field mice, wolves, squirrel, and shrew Alveolar cyst in the liver followed by the lungs and the brain Post mortem examination

Treatment

Operation/surgery;mebendazole

 E. granulosus

Mature segment

Immature segment

scolex

Miscellaneous : Macroscopic Demos

Gravid segment, T. solium

Mature segment, T. solium

More than 12 lateral branches

Hymenolepsis diminuta

The End
Thanks to Randy, Jaime, Moi, Donski and most especially to Anma-(I got almost all the pics from Anmaher). Peace!

-FMPBFMPB-