Lecture 1 Op-Amp

Introduction of Operation Amplifier (OpAmp) Analysis of ideal Op-Amp applications Comparison of ideal and non-ideal Op-Amp Non-ideal Op-Amp consideration

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Operational Amplifier

Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp)

o

very large, say 10

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Operational Amplifier

tuptuO

0~ R V -

tuo

cc

cc

V+

+ 

1 tupnI 2 tupnI

Very high differential gain High input impedance Low output impedance Provide voltage changes (amplitude and polarity) Used in oscillator, filter Vo ! GdVd and instrumentation Accumulate a very high Gd : differential gain normally gain by multiple stages 5

fni~ R
ni

B NI+ B NIB TUPTUO +V

5 6 7 8

+  + 

4 3 2 1

V A NI+ A NIA TUPTUO

LLUN TESFFO TUPTUO +V .C.N

5 6 7 8
+ 

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DIP-741

IC Product

Operational Amplifier

Dual op-amp 1458 device

4 3 2 1

V NI+ NILLUN TESFFO

Single-Ended Input
o

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+ 

+ terminal : Source terminal : Ground 0o phase change

V~

V~

+ terminal : Ground terminal : Source 180o phase change

Operational Amplifier

Double-Ended Input
Differential input
o

Ans: (A or B) ? (A) (B)

5

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Operational Amplifier

+ 

V d ! V   V
between Vo and Vd

V~

0o phase shift change

Qu: What Vo should be if,

Distortion
V5+
Operational Amplifier

The output voltage never excess the DC voltage supply of the Op-Amp
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V5

V5= V

V
cc

V5+= V+
cc

+ 
d

Common-Mode Operation
o 7

Output voltage is ideally zero due to differential voltage is zero Practically, a small output signal can still be measured
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Note for differential circuits: Opposite inputs : highly amplified Common inputs : slightly amplified Common-Mode Rejection

Operational Amplifier

Ideally, two input are equally amplified

Same voltage source is applied at both terminals

Common-Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR)

Vd ! V  V
Common voltage input :
tupnI + gnitrevninoN

Differential voltage input :

1 Vc ! (V  V ) 2
Output voltage :

Common-mode rejection ratio:

Gd Gd ! 20 log10 CMRR ! (dB) Gc Gc

Vo ! Gd Vd  GcVc
Gd : Differential gain Gc : Common mode gain
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Note: When Gd >> Gc or CMRR pg Vo = GdVd

8

Operational Amplifier

tuptuO


tupnI gnitrevnI

CMRR Example
What is the CMRR?
V00706
Vd 2 ! 100  40 ! 60V
 +

Solution :
Vd 1 ! 100  20 ! 80V 100  20 100  40 ! 60V ! 70V Vc1 ! Vc 2 ! 2 2 From (1) Vo ! 80Gd  60Gc ! 80600V From (2) Gd ! 1000 Vo ! 60Gd  70Gc ! 60700V and Gc ! 10 CMRR ! 20 log(1000 / 10) ! 40dB
NB: This method is Not work! Why?
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(1)

V04

V001 V00608

+ 

V02

V001

(2)

Op-Amp Properties
o
10

R Vload ! Vod load Rload  Rout

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Operational Amplifier

daol

act as perfect internal voltage source No internal resistance Output impedance in series with load Reducing output voltage to the load Practically, Rout ~ 20-100 ;

tuo

(3) Zero Output Impedance 'oV

 +

0~2i

Input current ii ~0A T-; in high-grade op-amp m-A input current in low-grade op-amp

(2) Infinite Input impedance

0~1i

The gain without feedback Equal to differential gain Zero common-mode gain Pratically, Gd = 20,000 to 200,000

(1) Infinite Open Loop gain

Frequency-Gain Relation

)niaG egatloV(
c dG707.0 G 1 d

Ideally, signals are amplified from DC to the highest AC frequency Practically, bandwidth is limited 741 family op-amp have an limit bandwidth of few KHz.

20log(0.707)=3dB

GB Product : f1 = Gd fc
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f
)ycneuqerf(

1 0

Unity Gain frequency f1: the gain at unity Cutoff frequency fc: the gain drop by 3dB from dc gain Gd

GB Product
Example: Determine the cutoff frequency of an op-amp having a unit gain frequency f1 = 10 MHz and voltage differential gain Gd = 20V/mV
Since f1 = 10 MHz By using GB production equation
)niaG egatloV(

Sol:

? Hz

f1 = Gd fc
10MHz

fc = f1 / Gd = 10 MHz / 20 V/mV = 10 v 106 / 20 v 103 = 500 Hz

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1

)ycneuqerf(

dG707.0 G d

12

Ideal Vs Practical Op-Amp

Open Loop gain A Bandwidth BW Input Impedance Zin Output Impedance Zout Output Voltage Vout
tuo

w 0;
Depends only on Vd = (V+V) Differential mode signal

>1M; pma-po lacitcarP 10-100 ;

CMRR
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10-100dB
Operational Amplifier 13

tuo

ni

tuo

VA 

ni

ni

Depends slightly on average input Vc = (V++V)/2 Common-Mode signal

0=tuoZ

10-100Hz

105
ni

pma-po laedI
ni

Ideal

Practical

VA + V

Ideal Op-Amp Applications

Analysis Method :
Two ideal Op-Amp Properties: (1) The voltage between V+ and V is zero V+ = V (2) The current into both V+ and V termainals is zero For ideal Op-Amp circuit: (1) Write the kirchhoff node equation at the noninverting terminal V+ (2) Write the kirchhoff node eqaution at the inverting terminal V (3) Set V+ = V and solve for the desired closed-loop gain
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Noninverting Amplifier
(1)
o

(2)

Ra

Rf

(3)

Setting V+ = V yields
Vi Vi  Vo  ! 0 or Ra Rf

Rf Vo ! 1 Vi Ra
Operational Amplifier 15

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!0

Kirchhoff node equation at V yields, V  0 V  Vo

+ 

ni

Kirchhoff node equation at V+ yields, V ! V

Noninverting amplifier

vo ! (1 

Rf Ra

)vi

Noninverting input with voltage divider Rf R2 vo ! (1  )( )vi Ra R1  R2

+
+

Voltage follower

Less than unity gain

vo ! vi

R2 vo ! vi R1  R2
Operational Amplifier 16

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v
o

+ 

-v

-v

R
2

R
1

v
i

v
o

+ 
f

-v

v
+

-v

Inverting Amplifier
f 17 o

(3)

Setting V+ = V yields

Vo  R f ! Vin Ra
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Notice: The closed-loop gain Vo/Vin is dependent upon the ratio of two resistors, and is independent of the open-loop gain. This is caused by the use of feedback output voltage to subtract from the input voltage.
Operational Amplifier

~ niV

(2)

Kirchhoff node equation at V yields, Vin  V_ V  V   o !0 Ra Rf

R

a

(1)

Kirchhoff node equation at V+ yields, V ! 0

Multiple Inputs

bR aR cR aV

V_  Vo Rf

V  Va V  Vb V  Vc   !0 Ra Rb Rc

(3)

Setting V+ = V yields
c V Va Vb Vc j Vo !  R f   ! R f R R R j !a R j b c a

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Operational Amplifier

cV

(2)

Kirchhoff node equation at V yields,

18

R
bV

(1)

Kirchhoff node equation at V+ yields, V ! 0

Inverting Integrator
o

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Operational Amplifier

What happens if Za = 1/j[C whereas, Zf = R? Inverting differentiator

19

where

~ niV

vi (t ) ! Vi e j[t

vo (t ) !

1 vi (t )dt RC

V
C

Z
+ 
a

~ niV

Now replace resistors Ra and Rf by complex components Za and Zf, respectively, therefore Zf Vin Vo ! Supposing Za (i) The feedback component is a capacitor C, i.e., 1 Zf ! (ii) The input component is a resistor R, Za = R j[C Therefore, the closed-loop gain (Vo/Vin) become:

Op-Amp Integrator
Example: (b) Draw the output waveform. Solution: (a) Rate of change of the output voltage 0 V5+
(Vo V 5V ! i ! (t RC (10 k;)(0.01 QF) ! 50 mV/Qs
o

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Operational Amplifier

20

(Vo ! ( 50 mV/Qs)(100 s) ! 5V

V01V5-

(b) In 100 Qs, the voltage decrease

V
i

V 01=)xam(oV

;k 01

R
i

V
0

sQ001

0 V 5+

(a) Determine the rate of change of the output voltage.

FQ10.0

Op-Amp Differentiator
R
dVi vo !  RC dt
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0
2


i

Non-ideal case (Inverting Amplifier)

pma-po lacitcarP
3 categories are considering Close-Loop Voltage Gain Input impedance Output impedance
Operational Amplifier
tuo

ni

Equivalent Circuit
f

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V
ni

tuo

VA 

Z
~

+
ni

ni

V
T

VA-

 + +

R
T

R TV


a

~ niV

22

Close-Loop Gain
o

Vo !  AVT
a

Ra

ARa RT R f

The Close-Loop Gain, Av

 ART R f Vo Av ! ! Vin RT R f  Ra R f  Ra RT  ARa RT

Operational Amplifier 23

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R R  Ra R f  Ra RT  ARa RT Vin ! Vo T f

ni

Vin Vo V V V   o  o  o !0 Ra ARa ART R f AR f

V
T

VA -

 + +

R
T

R
T

ni

Applied KCL at V terminal, Vin  VT  VT Vo  VT   !0 Ra RT Rf By using the open loop gain,

Close-Loop Gain
When the open loop gain is very large, the above equation become,
Av ~  Rf Ra

Note : The close-loop gain now reduce to the same form as an ideal case

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Operational Amplifier

24

Input Impedance
where Rd is the equivalent impedance of the red box circuit, that is V Rd T ! if However, with the below circuit,
Rd ! VT R f  Ro ! if 1 A
o

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Operational Amplifier

VA-

 +

VT  (  AVT ) ! i f ( R f  Ro )

V
T

VA-

'R

R TV

 + +


T

ni

Rin ! Ra  RT // Rd

Input Impedance can be regarded as,

25

Input Impedance
Finally, we find the input impedance as,
1 1 A Rin ! Ra   RT R f  Ro
1

Rin ! Ra 

RT ( R f  Ro ) R f  Ro  (1  A) RT

Since, R f  Ro

(1  A) RT , Rin become,

Rin ~ Ra 

( R f  Ro ) (1  A)
(1  A)

Again with R f  Ro
Rin ~ Ra

Note: The op-amp can provide an impedance isolated from input to output
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Output Impedance
Only source-free output impedance would be considered, i.e. Vi is assumed to be 0 Firstly, with figure (a),
T TV R

By substitute the equation from Fig. (a),

T

)b(

)a(

@RT and A comparably large, Ro ( Ra  R f ) Rout ~ ARa Ref:080114HKN Operational Amplifier

27

VA-

 +

Ro ( Ra R f  Ra RT  R f RT ) Vo ! io (1  Ro )( Ra R f  Ra RT  R f RT )  (1  A) Ra RT

The output impedance, Rout is

By using KCL, io = i1+ i2 Vo V  ( AVT ) io !  o R f  Ra // R f Ro

VA +

VT !

Ra // RT Ra RT Vo VT ! Vo R f  Ra // RT Ra R f  Ra RT  R f RT

R
a