Network Fundamentals

What is Network?

A group of computers and other devices that are connected by some type of transmission media.
Small as two computers connected by a cable in a home, office Large as several thousand computers connected by cable, satellite or phone line.

Why use Network?

Manage or Administer resources on multiple computers from a central location Enable multiple users to share devices and resources such as: Printers Faxes Programs and Files

Word Processing Data Base

Overview Of Network Hardware

Network has 2 categories:

Clients

/ Workstations

A system or device that make use of shared network resources. A computer System that provides and manages shared network resources. Files Printers E-mail Web pages

Servers

Type of Network
Peer-to-peer Client/Server Networks.

Peer-to-peer/P2P Networks
Each system unit acts as a client and a server. Ideal for small network. Each system potentially shares resources among other client systems. No need dedicated server. All system unit using various type of OS.

Advantage & Disadvantage of P2P

Advantage

Disadvantage

Simple to configure Dont need much technical expertise Typically less expensive to setup

Not very flexible Have less services. Do not have strong security.

Client/Servers Networks
Sometimes called Server-based network. A network that using dedicated servers. Usually use at
Medium-sized

business Large businesses

Dedicated server system must using server OS.

Advantages & Disadvantages of Client/Server Network

Advantages
User login accounts and passwords for anyone on a server-based network can be assigned in one place. Access to multiple shared resources can be centrally granted to a single user or groups of users Problems on the network can be tracked, diagnosed, and often fixed from one location. Servers are optimized to handle heavy processing loads and dedicated to handling requests from clients. Servers can connect more than a handful of computers on a network

Disadvantages

Using complex & complicated configuration. Expensive to setup. Need much technical expertise

How to link a Network

Hardware components
Network NIC Network

Wiring Equipment

Software components
NIC

driver Services Protocols Client Software Server Software Redirector

Services
Services = Network operation Type of services
Printing-Print DNS Dynamic

spooler,

Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Directory Services- assigned name kepada ip address Nat check google Network file System & etc

NIC driver
Use to run the NIC. Allow the NIC to work with OS

Protocols
A standardized way of performing a specific action. /bahasa komunikasi dalam network Acts as the language the system will use to communicating to each other. Type of protocols
TCP/IP User

Datagram Protocol (UDP) IPX/SPX NetBEUI

Server Software
Allows a system to provide and manage information & services. Usually have on Server OS.

Client Software

Allows a system to request services from the system providing the resources.

Redirector

Played by the client software to provide an interface between the resources of the network and the functions of the host PCs operating system.
Like

drive letter S: for network mapping Shared folder

LAN , MAN and WAN

LAN Local Area Network MAN Metropolitan Area Network WAN Wide Area Network

Local Area Network (network setempat)

A network of computers and other devices that is confined to a relatively small space, such as one building or even one office Interconnected and rely on several servers running many different applications and managing resources other than data. Example : A School Network.

Local area Network

Metropolitan Area Network

A network that is larger than a LAN and connects clients and servers from multiple buildings A MAN may use different transmission technology and media than a LAN because of the distance it covers Example : 2 or more Buildings is Connected Gunakan fibre optic, satelite

Metropolitan Area network

Wide area Network

A network that connects two or more geographically distinct LANs or MAN WAN carry data over longer distances than MAN WANs require slightly different transmission methods and media and often use a greater variety of technologies than MAN Most MAN can also be described as WAN kalau jarak jauh WAN commonly connect separate offices in the same organization, whether they are across town or across the world from each other

Wide Area Network

Topologies
Physical layout of computer network
Bus Star Ring Hybrid

Bus Topology
Consists of a single cable connecting all nodes (PC) on a network without intervening connectivity devices The single cable is called bus and can only support one channel for communication Uses coaxial cable 50 ohm Resistor know as Terminator at the end of the cable Kalau xde resistor, data keluar sebab RFI and EMI menganggu electricity, terutama data dalam electricity.

Bus Topology

Ring Topology
In a ring topology, each node is connected to the two
nearest nodes so that the entire network forms a circle Data is transmitted clockwise, in one direction (unidirectional), around the ring The fact that all workstations participate in delivery makes the ring topology an active topology A ring topology also differs in that it has no ends and data stops at its destination and, twisted-pair or fiberoptic cabling is used as the physical medium

Ring Topology

Star Topology
Every node on the network is connected through a central device, such as hub , switch etc.. Uses twisted-pair or fiber-optic cabling

Star Topology

Hybrid
The hybrid topology uses the physical layout of a star in conjunction with the ring topologys data transmission method Data is sent around the star in a circular pattern This hybrid topology benefits from the fault tolerance of the star topology In a hybrid topology, groups of workstations are starconnected to hubs and then networked via a single bus With this design, you can cover longer distances and easily interconnect or isolate different network segments

Hybrid Topology

Communication
Media and Transmission

What is a signal ?
Data is communicated by means of a signal, and a signal is a change in voltage over time Distortion of the signal is known as interference Networks are generally not resilient to signal interference NICs, hubs and other devices generate signals which travel along the network media The signals are converted to data as they travel through the OSI layers Cable testers can be used to check signal quality and strength

Measuring Signals

Amplitude

Frequency

AnalogueSignalsvsDigital signals
AnalogueSignals
HumanVoicebest example Earrecognisessounds 20KHzorless AMRadio535KHzto 1605KHz FMRadio88MHzto 108MHz

Digitalsignals
RepresentedbySquare Wave Alldatarepresentedby binaryvalues SingleBinaryDigit

Bit
Transmissionof contiguousgroupof bitsisabitstream Notalldecimalvalues canberepresentedby binary

Amplitude Modulation vs Frequency Modulation

AM- same frequency, different amplitudes

FM- Different frequencies

Digital Signals

Analogue vs Digital (Advan)

Analogue Advantages
Best suited for audio and video Consume less bandwidth Available world wide Less susceptible to noise

Digital Advantages
Best for computer data Can be easily compressed Can be encrypted Equipment is more common and less expensive Can provide

Asynchronous Transmission
Uses start and stop bits to delineate pieces of data, usually characters when used with modems Less efficient than synchronous (overhead of bits) Best suited for short bursts, such as Internet use Less resistant to disruption

How transmissions flow over media

Simplex only in one direction Half-Duplex Travels in either direction, but not both directions at the same time Full-Duplex can travel in either direction simultaneously

Baseband vs. Broadband Transmission

In baseband transmission, digital signals are sent through direct current (DC) pulses applied to the wire In broadband transmission, signals are modulated as radio frequency (RF) analog pulses that use different frequency ranges

Jaring, time.com, tm.net - ISP

Data Packets

Usually data will broke down into packets before it travel to other medium. Packets = segment of data. The packets is divided into 3 parts:

The header

Specifies information needed to describe. Packet addresses (Source IP & Destination IP) Size of the packet Protocol Contains the application data or information that needs to be delivered. Contains Cycle Redundancy Check (CRC) checksum value. The result of a complex binary mathematical calculation on the data use to check all the packets are succeeded reach to the receiver or not.

The data portion

The trailer information

Network Performance
Bandwidth = Refers to the performance (speed) of the network. Usually measured in Megabit per second (Mbps). latency