Emisiones de gases

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Emisiones de gases
Cuales son A que conciernen Como se forman Como se controlan Regulaciones actuales y futuras

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Emisiones: cuales son

Oxido de nitrogeno(NOx) Monoxido de carbono (CO) Hidrocarbones no quemados (VOCs) Particulas (primarily a diesel concern) Oxido de sulfuro (SO2)

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Gas Engine Emissions

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Emissions: Why Theyre A Concern

Nitrogen Oxides
Contributes to ground level ozone, a component of photochemical smog, which contributes to eye and respiratory tissue damage

Carbon Monoxide
Interferes with ability of red blood cells to carry oxygen

Unburned Hydrocarbons
Promotes conversion of NO into ozone

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Emissions: Why Theyre A Concern

Particulates
Carcinogenic in lungs

Sulfur Dioxide
Contributes to acid rain

Hazardous Air Pollutants

Over 169 compounds identified as potential HAPs Primarily Formaldehyde (CH2O) in gas engines Carcinogenic and toxic Potent eye, throat, and lung irritants

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Gas Engine Emissions

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Emissions: How Theyre Formed

Emissions are formed from non-perfect combustion
NOx CO HC CH2O Time and temperature Insufficient oxygen Incomplete combustion Incomplete combustion

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Emissions: How Theyre Formed

NITROGEN OXIDES (NOx)
N2 + O2 + Temp + Time 2NO
The higher the temperature, the more NOx is formed (primary) The longer time at high temperature, the more NOx is formed (secondary)

N2 comes from Air or Fuel Also Formed:

NO - Nitric Oxide NO2 - Nitrogen Dioxide N2O - Nitrous Oxide N2O3 - Nitrogen Trioxide N2O4 - Nitrogen Tetroxide N2O5 - Nitrogen Pentoxide

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Emissions: How Theyre Formed

NITROGEN OXIDES (NOx)
Nitric Oxide combined with molecular oxygen produces atomic oxygen 2NO + O2 2NO2 + 2O Atomic Oxygen + Molecular Oxygen produces Ozone 2O + O2 O3 Ozone (O3) is a component of photochemical smog
Volatile organic compounds (hydrocarbons) catalyze these reactions. Reactions require ultraviolet light.

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NOx Characteristic
28

NOx (g/hp-hr)

26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0.8

Rich Burn (catalyst) 0.5% oxygen, 0.97 - 1.01 Lambda

Higher bsfc Higher exhaust temp

Standard Rich Burn (Stoich) 2% oxygen, 1.10 - 1.16 Lambda

Low bsfc Higher exhaust temp

NOx

Lean Burn 7- 9% oxygen, 1.6 - 2.0 Lambda

lower bsfc high boost low exhaust temp

O2 (% Dry)

0.9

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

Rich Burn

LAMBDA

Lean Burn

LAMBDA = (A/F actual) / (A/F stoich)

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Emissions: How Theyre Formed

CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)
Formed if there is insufficient oxygen for combustion
Standard combustion - sufficient oxygen 2CH4 + 4O2 4H2O + 2CO2 Incomplete combustion - insufficient oxygen 2CH4 + 3O2 4H2O + 2CO

Formed when flame temperature cools and the progression to CO2 is not complete

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CO Characteristic
24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0.8
EXHAUST OXYGEN

CO (g/hp-hr)

CO

Lack of O2
0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7

Rich Burn

LAMBDA

Lean Burn

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Emissions: How Theyre Formed

UNBURNED HYDROCARBONS (VOCs)
Formed by Incomplete Combustion
Flame quenching in crevice regions Flame quenching at cylinder walls Oil film and deposits absorb/desorb HC Burning of lube oil

Reactivity varies by constituents

Methane - low; butane - high Therefore regulations may limit:
Total hydrocarbons Non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) Non-methane non-ethane hydrocarbons (NMNEHC)

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HC Characteristic
14 12 10

HC (g/hp-hr)

8 6 4 2 0 0.8

Misfire Slow Combustion HC

Lack of O2
0.9 1 1.1 1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

Rich Burn

LAMBDA

Lean Burn

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Emissions: How Theyre Formed

HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS (HAPs) Ideal Combustion Equation
CH4 + 2O2 + 7.52N2 2H2O + CO2 + 7.52N2

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Emissions: How Theyre Formed

HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS (HAPs) Formed by partial oxidation of the fuel
CH4 + 2O2 + 7.52N2 2H2O + CO2 + 7.52N2

nearly 300 total chemical reactions in the combustion of methane 150 - 200 involve H, C, O 100 involve N
Radicals O, CH3, OH Intermediate Compounds CH2O, CO Final Product CO2, H2O

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Pollutant Formation Mechanisms

Illustration from Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals, John B. Heywood, 1988

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Pollutant Formation Mechanisms

Illustration from Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals, John B. Heywood, 1988

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Gas Engine Emissions

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Emissions: How Theyre Controlled

Reduction via combustion chamber control
Lean Burn

Reduction via exhaust gas aftertreatment

Rich Burn + 3-way catalyst Lean Burn + oxidation catalyst Lean Burn + SCR

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Emissions: How Theyre Controlled

Catalytic converters with Rich Burn engines
3-Way catalyst Requires stoich engine with A/F setting near 0.5 % O2 Requires Air/Fuel ratio control Reduces: NOx (90-95%) HC (50%)
CO (50-90%,) CH2O (90-95%)

Creates N2, CO2, and H2O Uses Platinum and Rhodium

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3-Way Non-Selective Catalyst Reduction

AIR

RICH BURN ENGINE

3-WAY CATALYST

FUEL VALVE

A/F CONTROL
Approx $6,000

FUEL

Approx $ 12-20/hp for catalyst

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Emissions: How Theyre Controlled

Catalytic converters with Lean Burn engines when NOx Is acceptable
Oxidation catalyst Reduces CO (50-90%), HC (50%), CH2O (50-70%) Uses Platinum and Palladium

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Oxidation Catalyst Reduction

AIR

LEAN BURN ENGINE

OXIDIZING CATALYST

FUEL VALVE

A/F CONTROL
Approx $6,000

FUEL

Approx $ 8-20/hp for catalyst

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Emissions: How Theyre Controlled

Catalytic converters used with Lean Burn engines when NOx Is Not acceptable
Selective Catalyst Reduction (SCR) Reduces NOx (75% - 90%) Urea (Ammonia) injected into exhaust

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Selective Catalyst Reduction

AIR

LEAN BURN ENGINE

NH3
CATALYST

FUEL VALVE

A/F + NH3 CONTROL

NH3 VALVE

NH3 TANK NH3 TANK

FUEL

Approx $100-150/hp for catalyst NH3 supply & control extra

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Emissions: How Theyre Controlled

Oxidation and Selective Catalytic Converters for a Low Emission engine If NOx, CO and HC must all be reduced
An oxidation catalyst and an ammonia catalyst are needed

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Selective Catalyst Reduction and Oxidation Catalyst

AIR

LEAN BURN ENGINE

NH3
CATALYST

OXIDIZING CATALYST

FUEL VALVE

A/F + NH3 CONTROL

NH3 VALVE

NH3 TANK
FUEL

NH3 and Oxidizing Catalyst for reducing NOx, CO, and HC [(Approx $160/hp) + NH3 system (extra)]
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Gas Engine Emissions

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NOx Historia en reduccion

Motores reciprocantes a gas
6 NOx (g/bhp-hr) 5 4 3 2 1 0 1988 1990 1992 1999 Wyoming 1990 Texas

?
1998 2000 2002

1994 Ao

1996

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Emissions: Current and Future

300

200

100

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Emissions: Current and Future

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Emissions: Current and Future

NITROGEN OXIDES (NOx) BACT is a process triggered differently state by state depending on the air quality Typical Major Source NOx Threshold
Severe Non-attainment 25 tpy Moderate Non-attainment 100 tpy Attainment 250 tpy

If not major source then only compared to other well controlled sources Need direct communication with agencies for official interpretation of their rules
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Emissions: Current and Future

HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS (HAPs) HAP requirements vary by state Typical Major Source HAP Threshold
25 tpy total limit 10 tpy of any one HAP

Federal EPA MACT rule currently at OMB for review Formaldehyde easily controlled with oxidizing catalyst Need direct communication with agencies for official interpretation of their rules
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Emissions: Current and Future

Wyoming currently uses the BACT rule to impose one of the most stringent emission requirements for NOx and Formaldehyde in an attainment area NOx 1.5 g NOx G3512/16LEs have been allowed but that may be ending 1.0 g NOx may soon be required for all LE engines Formaldehyde LE engines over 1000 bhp typically require oxidation catalysts Permits for Rich Burn engines with 3-way catalysts dont require BACT cost analysis worksheet
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Emisiones: Actual y futuro

Futuros requerimentos en Texas aun estan por definirse para disminuir significativamente los niveles de NOx

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