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1 Capacitors (1)
A capacitor is a passive element designed to store energy in its electric field.
1 Capacitors (2)
Capacitance C is the ratio of the charge q on one plate of a capacitor to the voltage difference v between the two plates, measured in farads (F).
qC v
and
A
d
Where is the permittivity of the dielectric material between the plates, A is the surface area of each plate, d is the distance between the plates. Unit: F, pF (1012), nF (109), and F (106)
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Capacitors (3)
If i is flowing into the +ve terminal of C
Charging => i is +ve Discharging => i is ve
dv iC dt
and
1 v C
i d t v(t )
t0 0
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Capacitors (4)
The energy, w, stored in the capacitor is
1 2 w Cv 2
A capacitor is an open circuit to dc (dv/dt = 0). its voltage cannot change abruptly.
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Example
Example
Example
The current through a 100-F capacitor is
Example
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Example
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Example
An initially uncharged 1-mF capacitor has the current shown below across it. Calculate the voltage across it at t = 2 ms and t = 5 ms.
Example DC Conditions
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Example
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C eq C1 C 2 ... C N
Current Divider Rule
C1 i1 is C1 C 2
C2 i2 is C1 C 2
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1 1 1 1 ... C eq C1 C 2 CN
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Example
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Find the equivalent capacitance seen at the terminals of the circuit in the circuit shown below:
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Inductors (1)
An inductor is a passive element designed to store energy in its magnetic field.
Inductors (2)
Inductance is the property whereby an inductor exhibits opposition to the change of current flowing through it, measured in henrys (H).
di vL dt
and
N2 A L l
is the inductor core permeability N: Number of turns L: Coil length A: Cross sectional area Unit: Henry (H).
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Inductors (3)
The current-voltage relationship of an inductor:
1 t i v (t ) d t i (t 0 ) L t0
The energy stored by an inductor:
1 w L i2 2
An inductor acts like a short circuit to dc (di/dt = 0) and its current cannot change abruptly. 24
Example
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Example
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Example
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Inductors (4)
Example The terminal voltage of a 2-H inductor is v = 10(1-t) V
Find the current flowing through it at t = 4 s and the energy stored in it within 0 < t < 4 s. Assume i(0) = 2 A.
Answer: i(4s) = -18V w(4s) = 320J
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Inductors (5)
Example Determine vc, iL, and the energy stored in the capacitor and inductor in the circuit of circuit shown below under dc conditions.
Answer: iL = 3A vC = 3V wL = 1.125J wC = 9J
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Leq L1 L2 ... LN
Voltage Divider Rule
v1 L1 vs L1 L2 v2 L2 vs L1 L2
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1 1 1 1 ... Leq L1 L2 LN
i2
L1 is L1 L2
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