SEMINAR PRESENTATION ON

COMPUTER NETWORKING

WHAT IS COMPUTER NETWORKING?

Networking is the practice of linking two or
more computing devices together for the purpose of sharing data. Comuter networking

AREA NETWORKS
NETWORKS are classified according to the area they cover. Different area networks are:Local Area Networks (LANs)
Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs) Wide Area Networks (WANs)

LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)

which is usually a small network constrained to a small geographic area such as in an office building, a school, or a home. Built with relatively inexpensive hardware such as Ethernet cables, network adapters, and hubs. Most common type of local area network is an Ethernet LAN. Some LAN protocols: TCP/IP, Token Ring, IEEE.

LOCAL AREA NETWORKS

LAN With Bus Topology

LAN With Ring Topology

LAN With Star Topology

METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN)

A network spanning a physical area larger than a LAN but smaller than a WAN, such as a city.
It may be a means of connecting a number of LANs into a larger network. Typically owned and operated by a single entity such as a government body or large corporation. Some MAN protocols: RS-232, X-25 ,ISDN.

METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK

MAN

WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)

A WAN spans a large physical distance such as a country or world. A WAN is a geographically-dispersed collection of LANs. Most WANs (like the Internet) are not owned by any one organization but rather exist under collective or distributed ownership and management. The Internet is the largest WAN. WAN protocol: TCP/IP.

WIDE AREA NETWORK

WAN

NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
In computer networking, topology refers to the layout of connected devices. Network topologies are categorized as follows: NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
BUS RING STAR TREE MESH

BUS TOPOLOGY
Bus networks use a common backbone to connect all devices.

A device wanting to communicate with another device on the network sends a broadcast message onto the wire that all other devices see, but only the intended recipient actually accepts and processes the message.
The backbone acts as a shared communication medium to which the devices attach. Bus topology is used in school campuses ,college campuses ,etc.

MERITS OF BUS TOPOLOGY Easy to install. Don't require much cabling ,so network cost is low. Bus networks work best with a limited number of devices. DEMERITS OF BUS TOPOLOGY Difficult to add new node. Heavy network traffic can slow down the bus. Failure of the backbone leads to shutdown of the whole network.

RING TOPOLOGY
In ring topology , each device is connected by a dedicated point to point link to its adjacent devices. Every message travels through a ring in same direction (either "clockwise" or "counterclockwise") until it reaches its destination. Ring topologies are found in some office buildings or school campuses.

MERITS OF RING TOPOLOGY Easy to install and reconfigure. Fault detection is possible by issuing an alarm system. Easy to add or remove a device. Cabling cost is low. DEMERITS OF RING TOPOLOGY Failure of even one node leads to the breakdown of entire network. Supports only unidirectional traffic.

STAR TOPOLOGY
A star network features a central connection point called a "hub". Devices typically connect to the hub with Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cable. Star topology is used in many home networks.
HUB

PRACTICAL USE OF STAR TOPOLOGY

MERITS OF STAR TOPOLOGY Easy to install and reconfigure. Easy fault identification. Robust (failure of one link does not affect the whole network). Easy to modify. Less cable is required. DEMERITS OF STAR TOPOLOGY Failure of the central hub leads to breakdown of the entire network. Lack of privacy.

TREE TOPOLOGY
Tree topologies integrate multiple star topologies together onto a bus. Each hub functions as the "root" of a tree of devices.
HUB HUB HUB

Devices are linked in a hierarchical pattern.

The hubs control the traffic in the network.

Merit OF TREE TOPOLOGY Point to point wiring for individual segments. This bus/star hybrid approach supports future expandability of the network much better than a bus. DEMERITS OF TREE TOPOLOGY Breakdown of main cable leads to shutdown of whole network. Difficult to configure.

MESH TOPOLOGY
In mesh topology, each node is connected to every other node by direct links. Messages sent on a mesh network can take any of several possible paths from source to destination. A mesh network in which every device connects to every other is called a full mesh. Some WANs, most notably the Internet, employ mesh routing.

MERITS OF MESH TOPOLOGY Does not have congestion problem. Robust. Fault identification is easy. Better security. DEMERITS OF MESH TOPOLOGY High cost. Difficult to install and reconfigure.

NETWORK PROTOCOLS
In networking , the communication language used by computer devices is called the protocol. Yet another way to classify computer networks is by the set of protocols they support. Networks often implement multiple protocols to support specific applications.

Popular protocols include TCP/IP, the most common protocol found on the Internet and in home networks.

INTERNET PROTOCOL
IP is the primary network protocol used on the Internet, developed in the 1970s. On the Internet and many other networks, IP is often used together with the Transport Control Protocol (TCP) and referred to interchangeably as TCP/IP.

IP supports unique addressing for computers on a network.

THANK YOU !