Metabolism in the Fed and Fasting States

Fuel Reserves in a 70 kg man

Fuel source TGs Glycogen in liver Glycogen in muscle Free glucose Protein kJ 590,000 1500 6000 320 100,000 grams 15,000 90 350 20 6000

Metabolism of Carbohydrate, Lipid, & Protein

TCA & ETC - common to all 3.
All 3 give Acetyl CoA This catabolic pathway also: Produces CO2 Produces ATP Produces NADH & FADH Produces more ATP in ETC.

The principal fuels are:

Glucose Lactate Fatty acids Ketone bodies Amino acids Glycerol and ethanol can be used only to a minor degree. Glycogen is not a fuel, it is a storage molecule. Its breakdown product, glucose, is a fuel. Circulating triacylglycerols are not fuel. Fatty acids derived from their hydrolysis are. Not all cells use all fuels at all times and not all cells can process all fuels.

Principal Fuel Metabolism of Tissues

Fuel used and/or stored and the fuel released form:
1) Brain
2) Liver 3) Adipose 4) Muscle 5) RBC

Brain

Glucose Ketone bodies

None

Liver

Glucose,

Glucose from amino acids by gluconeogenesis Glycogen for raising blood glucose Proteins form amino acids Lipoproteins & fatty acids.

Adipose tissue Glucose Branched-chain fatty acids amino acids

Muscle

Fatty acids, glycerol, Triglycerides

Glucose, Lactate, alanine, and glutamine Fatty acids (anaerobic gives lactate, transported as Ketones alanine. Glutamate from catabolism of aa) Amion acids Glycogen is for use of muscle only Glucose only (No mitochondria)

RBC

(FED & Fasting States)

Five Phases of Glucose Homeostasis

Absorptive, postabsorptive, and early starvation occur sequentially over ~2 days. Intermediate, and prolonged starvation are over 38 subsequent days and beyond

The Fed-Fast Cycle

Stages of fed-fast cycle
Fed state lasts 3 hours after meal ingestion. Postabsorptive/early fasting state 3 to 12-18 hours after meal Fasting state 18 hours to 2 days after meal when nothing else eaten Starvation/long-term fast deprivation (Weeks)

 The fed state Glucose glycogen (Glycogenesis). Fatty acids synthesis (Lipogenesis). aa Protein (Protein synthesis). Glucose ATP (Glycolysis). ATP from glucose is used by:
nervous tissues (Brain) RBCs Adipose tissues Muscle tissues

Fuels in Fed State

Metabolism in Fed State

 The postabsorptive/early fasting state

Glycogen glucose (Glycogenolysis). (in liver & muscle) Amino acids (primarily) 3 used for (Gluconeogenesis). Glycerol Lactate

Glucogenic amino acids

1. Serine 2. Valine 3. Histidine 4. Arginine 5. Cysteine 6. Proline 7. Alanine 8. Glutamate 9. Glutamine 10.Aspartate 11.Asparagine 12.Methionine

 The fasting state Amino acids (primarily) (Protein Breakdown) Glycerol Lactate Above 3 used for (Gluconeogenesis) Fatty acids acetyl CoA Ketone formation (Lipolysis & Ketogenesis) Ketone bodies are:
Acetoacetate Beta hydroxybutyrate Acetone.

FATTY ACIDS
CoA

FATTY ACYL CoA

-OXIDATION

ACETYL CoA KETONES

 The starvation state: Fatty acids used to greater extent Glycerol major glucose source Ketosis after oxaloacetate depletion Because oxaloactate comes from glucose which is deficient in starving state.

Amino Acid Metabolism

Fed state: used for synthesis of proteins & excess is degraded
(Protein synthesis & Urea cycle)

Fasting state:
Catabolism for energy produces quantities of N (Excreted in urea), (Urea cycle) Gluconeogensis in liver & kidneys

Five Phases of Glucose Homeostasis

Absorptive, postabsorptive, and early starvation occur sequentially over ~2 days. Intermediate, and prolonged starvation are over 38 subsequent days and beyond

In general
Brain is simply a fuel consumer Liver and adipose tissue function as fuel storage tissues and reservoirs Muscle is both source and consumer leaning heavily toward consumption Kidney is only a significant source under starvation

The Central Role of the Liver in Metabolism

Glycolysis Glycogenesis Glycogenolysis Gluconeogenesis Urea formation (cycle) Protein synthesis Lipoprotein synthesis Catabolism, conversion to other compounds

Thank You