Chapter 14: Turbomachinery

Eric G. Paterson
Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering The Pennsylvania State University

Spring 2005

Note to Instructors
These slides were developed1, during the spring semester 2005, as a teaching aid for the undergraduate Fluid Mechanics course (ME33: Fluid Flow) in the Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering at Penn State University. This course had two sections, one taught by myself and one taught by Prof. John Cimbala. While we gave common homework and exams, we independently developed lecture notes. This was also the first semester that Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications was used at PSU. My section had 93 students and was held in a classroom with a computer, projector, and blackboard. While slides have been developed for each chapter of Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications, I used a combination of blackboard and electronic presentation. In the student evaluations of my course, there were both positive and negative comments on the use of electronic presentation. Therefore, these slides should only be integrated into your lectures with careful consideration of your teaching style and course objectives.

Eric Paterson Penn State, University Park August 2005

1 These

slides were originally prepared using the LaTeX typesetting system (http://www.tug.org/) and the beamer class (http://latex-beamer.sourceforge.net/), but were translated to PowerPoint for wider dissemination by McGraw-Hill.

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Chapter 14: Turbomachinery

Objectives
Identify various types of pumps and turbines, and understand how they work Apply dimensional analysis to design new pumps or turbines that are geometrically similar to existing pumps or turbines Perform basic vector analysis of the flow into and out of pumps and turbines Use specific speed for preliminary design and selection of pumps and turbines
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Categories
Pump: adds energy to a fluid, resulting in an increase in pressure across the pump. Turbine: extracts energy from the fluid, resulting in a decrease in pressure across the turbine.

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Categories
For gases, pumps are further broken down into
Fans: Low pressure gradient, High volume flow rate. Examples include ceiling fans and propellers. Blower: Medium pressure gradient, Medium volume flow rate. Examples include centrifugal and squirrelcage blowers found in furnaces, leaf blowers, and hair dryers. Compressor: High pressure gradient, Low volume flow rate. Examples include air compressors for air tools, refrigerant compressors for refrigerators and air conditioners.

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Chapter 14: Turbomachinery

Categories
Positive-displacement machines
Closed volume is used to squeeze or suck fluid. Pump: human heart Turbine: home water meter

Dynamic machines
No closed volume. Instead, rotating blades supply or extract energy. Enclosed/Ducted Pumps: torpedo propulsor Open Pumps: propeller or helicopter rotor Enclosed Turbines: hydroturbine Open Turbines: wind turbine

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Pump Head
Net Head

Water horsepower Brake horsepower Pump efficiency

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Chapter 14: Turbomachinery

Matching a Pump to a Piping System

Pump-performance curves for a centrifugal pump BEP: best efficiency point H*, bhp*, V* correspond to BEP Shutoff head: achieved by closing outlet (V=0)$ Free delivery: no load on system (Hrequired = 0)

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Chapter 14: Turbomachinery

Matching a Pump to a Piping System

Steady operating point:

Energy equation:

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Manufacturer Performance Plot

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Pump Cavitation and NPSH

Cavitation should be avoided due to erosion damage and noise. Cavitation occurs when P < Pv Net positive suction head

NPSHrequired curves are created through systematic testing over a range of flow rates V.

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Dynamic Pumps
Dynamic Pumps include
centrifugal pumps: fluid enters axially, and is discharged radially. mixed--flow pumps: fluid enters axially, and leaves at an angle between radially and axially. axial pumps: fluid enters and leaves axially.

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Centrifugal Pumps
Snail--shaped scroll Most common type of pump: homes, autos, industry.

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Centrifugal Pumps

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Centrifugal Pumps: Blade Design

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Centrifugal Pumps: Blade Design

Side view of impeller blade.

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Vector analysis of leading and trailing edges.

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Centrifugal Pumps: Blade Design

Blade number affects efficiency and introduces circulatory losses (too few blades) and passage losses (too many blades)
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Axial Pumps

Open vs. Ducted Axial Pumps

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Open Axial Pumps

Blades generate thrust like wing generates lift.

Propeller has radial twist to take into account for angular velocity (=r)

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Ducted Axial Pumps

Tube Axial Fan: Swirl downstream

Counter-Rotating Axial-Flow Fan: swirl removed. Early torpedo designs Vane Axial-Flow Fan: swirl removed. Stators can be either pre-swirl or post-swirl.

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Ducted Axial Pumps: Blade Design

Absolute frame of reference

Relative frame of reference

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Dimensional Analysis
analysis gives 3 new nondimensional parameters
Head coefficient
Capacity coefficient Power coefficient

Reynolds number also appears,but in terms of angular rotation

Reynolds number

Functional relation is
Head coefficient Power coefficient
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Dimensional Analysis
If two pumps are geometrically similar, and The independent s are similar, i.e., CQ,A = CQ,B ReA = ReB A/DA = B/DB Then the dependent s will be the same CH,A = CH,B CP,A = CP,B

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Dimensional Analysis
When plotted in nondimensional form, all curves of a family of geometrically similar pumps collapse onto one set of nondimensional pump performance curves Note: Reynolds number and roughness can often be neglected,

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Pump Specific Speed

Pump Specific Speed is used to characterize the operation of a pump at BEP and is useful for preliminary pump selection.

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Affinity Laws
For two homologous states A and B, we can use variables to develop ratios (similarity rules, affinity laws, scaling laws).

Useful to scale from model to prototype Useful to understand parameter changes, e.g., doubling pump speed (Ex. 14-10).
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Chapter 14: Turbomachinery