Learning Outcome -Student should be able to make inferences about the difference between two location by using Mann

- Whitney test

Mann-Whitney test was proposed by Henry Berthold Mann and Donald Ransom Whitney. The test is sometimes also referred to as the Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test.

a) The data consist of a random sample of observation X1,X2,.,Xn1 from population 1 with unknown median Mx and another random sample of observations Y1,Y2,.,Yn2 from population 2 with unknown median My. b) The two sample are independent c) The variable observed is a continuous random variable

d) The measurement scale employed is at least ordinal e) The distribution functions of the two populations differ only with respect to location, if they differ at all.

Case A (two-sided)

Case B (one-sided)

Case C (one-sided)

H0 : Mx = My

H0 : Mx My

H0 : Mx My

H1 : Mx My

H1 : Mx < My

H1 : Mx > My

1) 2)

Combine two samples. Rank all sample observations from smallest to largest.

3)

Sum the ranks observations from population 1(that is, the Xs).

Test statistic is :

Where S is the sum of the rank assigned to the sample observations from population 1

Case A

Hypotheses H0 : Mx = My

Reject H0 for Either sufficiently small or sufficiently large values of T

Reject H0 if or Where,

(two-sided) H1 : Mx My

H0 : Mx My

Sufficiently small values of T

(one-sided) H1 : Mx < My

H0 : Mx My

Sufficiently large values of T Where,

(one-sided) H1 : Mx > My

Newmark et.al* have reported the results of an attempt to assess the predictive validity of Klopfers Prognostic Rating Scale(PRS) with subjects who received behavior modification psychotherapy. Following psychotherapy, the subjects were separated into two groups: improved and unimproved. Table 3.6 shows the PRS score for each subject before therapy.

*Newmark, Charles S., William Hetzal, Lilly Walker, Steven Holstein, and Martin Finklestein,

Predictive Validity of the Rorschach Prognostic Rating Scale with Behavior Modification Techniques, J. Clin. Psychol., 29(1973), 246-248

We wish to see whether we can conclude on the basis of these data that the two represented populations are different with respect to their medians. Let = 0.05

Improved subjects Subject Score(X) 1 11.9 2 11.7 3 9.5 4 9.4 5 8.7 6 8.2 7 7.7 8 7.4 9 7.4 10 7.1 11 6.9 12 6.8 13 6.3 14 5.0 15 4.2 16 4.1 17 2.2

Unimproved subjects Subject Score(Y) 1 6.6 2 5.8 3 5.4 4 5.1 5 5.0 6 4.3 7 3.9 8 3.3 9 2.4 10 1.7

1) Hypotheses
H0: Mx = My H1: Mx My (claim) 2) Test statistic - Rank all sample observations from smallest to largest. - Sum the ranks observations from population 1 (that is, the Xs)

X Score 2.2 4.1 4.2 5.0 6.3 6.8 6.9 7.1 7.4 7.4 7.7 8.2 8.7 9.4 9.5 11.7 11.9 Total

Rank 2 6 7 9.5 14 16 17 18 19.5 19.5 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 296.5

Y Score 1.7 2.4 3.3 3.9 4.3 5.0 5.1 5.4 5.8 6.6

Rank 1 3 4 5 8 9.5 11 12 13 15

By using formula:

Where S = Sum of rank in sample X = 296.5 n1 = Sample size of X = 17

3) Decision Table A.7 shows that for

Thus, by equation:

Where

We reject H0

4) Conclusion

There is enough evidence to support the claim that the two population of parameters are different.

For present example, we consult Table A.7 for n1=17, n2=10 and we find that the computed of our test statistic, 143.5 between (17)(10) 26 = 144 and (17)(10) 35 = 135 Consequently, for this test 2(0.005) > P > 2(0.001) or 0.010 > P > 0.002

Only consider if n1 or n2 > 20 Using Z test,

West conducted an experiment with adult aphasic subjects, in which each was required to respond to one 62 commands. Five subjects received an experimental treatment program, and five controls received conventional speech therapy. Table 3.8 shows the percentage of correct responses of each subject in the two groups following treatment. Do these data provide sufficient evidence to indicate that the experimental treatment improves the proportion of correct responses? Let = 0.05.

Table 3.8 : Percentage of correct responses to 62 commands by aphasic subject in two treatment Experimental (x) groups. 73 42 90 58 62 Experimental (Y) 50 23 68 40 45

Table 3.9 shows the tidal volume of 37 adults suffering from atrial septal defect. In 26 of these, pulmonary hypertension was absent, and in 11 it was present. The data were reported by Ressl et al. do these provide sufficient evidence to indicate a lower tidal volume in subjects without pulmonary hypertension? Let = 0.05.

Table 3.9: Tidal volume, in millimeters, in two groups of subjects.

Pulmonary Hypertension absent
Case 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

(x)

652

556

618

500

500

526

511

538

440

547

605

500

437

Case

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

(X)

481

572

589

605

436

724

515

552

722

778

677

680

428

Pulmonary hypertension absent

Case

10

11

(Y)

876

556

493

348

530

780

569

546

766

819

710

To study the effects of prolonged inhalation of cadmium, Princi and Greever exposed 10 dogs to cadmium oxide, while 10 dogs serving as controls were not exposed to this substance. At the end of the experiment, they determined the levels of hemoglobin of the 20 dogs, shown in Table 3.45. Let =0.05 and use the Mann-Whitney test to determine if one may conclude that, on the average, inhalation of cadmium causes a reduction in hemoglobin levels in dogs.

Table 3.45 : Hemoglobin determinations, grams, in twenty dogs Score (X) 14.6 15.8 16.4 14.6 14.9 14.3 14.7 17.2 16.8 16.1 Score (Y) 15.5 17.9 15.5 16.7 17.6 16.8 16.7 16.8 17.2 18.0

EXERCISE EXERCISE 3.3

ANSWER T = 20 H0 cannot be rejected

EXERCISE 3.4

T = 102.5 H0 cannot be rejected

EXERCISE 3.27

T = 17.5 Reject H0

Link you tube : http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZR_ml-GOL7U&featur