Cell Reproduction

Also called

Cell Division
By: Kharis Subkhan(4401410010) & Armya Aisyah Kinanti(4401410089)

 Pollen
Develops from microspores within the sporangia of anthers
(a) Development of a male gametophyte (pollen grain) 1 Each one of the microsporangia contains diploid microsporocytes (microspore mother cells). Pollen sac (microsporangium) Microsporocyte

MEIOSIS

Microspores (4) 2 Each microsporocyte divides by meiosis to produce four haploid microspores, each of which develops into a pollen grain.

Each of 4 microspores

MITOSIS

Generative cell (will form 2 sperm)

Male Gametophyte (pollen grain) Nucleus of tube cell 20 m Ragweed pollen grain

Figure 38.4a

3 A pollen grain becomes a mature male gametophyte when its generative nucleus divides and forms two sperm. This usually occurs after a pollen grain lands on the stigma of a carpel and the pollen tube begins to grow. (See Figure 38.2b.)

KEY to labels

Haploid (2n) Diploid (2n)

75 m

Cell Division
Cell division consists of two phases: 1. the division of the nucleus, and 2. the division of the cytoplasm (cytokinesis)

2 Kinds of Nuclear Division

1. Mitosis mitosis divides the nucleus so that both resulting new cells (daughter cells) are genetically identicalSame amount of DNA 2. Meiosis meiosis produces daughter cells that contain half the genetic information half the amount of DNA.

Before Division Begins

Before a cell can successfully divide, the DNA must be packaged so it does not get damaged. The stringy form of DNA (chromatin) is coiled into structures called chromosomes.

Each Chromosome is made up of two identical halves called sister chromatids joined at the centromere. Each Chromatid is a single, coiled DNA molecule.
The point where two sister chromatids are connected.

Sister Chromatids

Organizing Chromatin into a Chromosome.

Chromosomes
Chromosomes

The Life Cycle of a cell is called The Cell Cycle

The Cell Cycle consists of 5 Phases 1.Interphase (part of the cell cycle, but not part of mitosis) 2.Prophase 3.Metaphase These 4 phases are known collectively as Mitosis 4.Anaphase 5.Telophase

Interphase
90% of cells life is spent in interphase During Interphase the cell grows, duplicates its chromosomes and performs its normal job. Interphase has 3 stages The Events of Interphase
G1 stage - first gap - Cell grows and carries out regular biochemical functions. S stage synthesis - DNA is replicated or synthesized. G2 stage - second gap - Cell completes preparations for division..a cell can
complete S, but fail to enter G2.

Plant Cells

Mitosis
(the splitting of the nucleus) prophase metaphase anaphase telophase

Mitosis
A cell that has grown in size and is about to divide is called a Mother Cell. As a result of Mitosis and cytokinesis the Mother cell splits into two genetically identical Daughter Cells.
Mother Cell

The Events of Prophase

Nucleoli disappear. Chromatin condenses into the chromosomes. Nuclear Envelope dissolves the nucleus comes apart Centrioles (MTOCs) separate and move to opposite ends of the cell. Microtubules from each MTOC connect to a specialized region of the centromere called the kinetochore. This moves the chromosomes back and forth. Mitotic spindle begins to form.

Plant Cells

Events of Metaphase
Chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell. called the metaphase plane. Centrioles arrive at opposite ends of the cell. Spindle apparatus fully developed. Metaphase ends when the microtubules pull each chromosome apart into two chromatids. Once separated from its sister chromatid, each chromatid is now called a chromosome. To count the number of chromosomes, at any time, count the number of centromeres.

centriole

centriole

metaphase plane

Plant Cells

Events of Anaphase
Chromosomes

Anaphase begins when the chromosomes separate. Microtubules shorten as tubulin units uncouple, the chromosomes are pulled away from each other toward opposite ends of the cell. Cell elongates; poles move slightly further apart. Anaphase ends when the chromosomes reach their respective ends of the cell.

Plant Cells

Events of Telophase
Chromosomes uncoil back to chromatin. Nuclear envelope reforms. The nucleus reforms in each newly formed cell. Nucleoli reappear. Spindle fibers disappear. Simultaneously Cytokinesis usually starts.

Plant Cells

Plant Cell Cytokinesis

Cell plate develops from Golgi vesicles. New cell wall developed around the cell plate.
p

Cell Plate

Cytokinesis

Plant Cell - Mitosis

Interphase

Meiosis reduces the number of chromosome sets from diploid to haploid

Takes place in two sets of divisions, meiosis I and meiosis II

Homologous pair of chromosomes in diploid parent cell

Chromosomes replicate Homologous pair of replicated chromosomes

Sister chromatids

Diploid cell with replicated chromosomes

Meiosis I

1 Homologous
chromosomes separate

Haploid cells with replicated chromosomes Meiosis II

2 Sister chromatids
separate

Haploid cells with unreplicated chromosomes

INTERPHASE

MEIOSIS I: Separates homologous chromosomes PROPHASE I METAPHASE I ANAPHASE I Sister chromatids remain attached

Centrosomes (with centriole pairs) Sister chromatids

Centromere Chiasmata (with kinetochore) Spindle

Metaphase plate

Nuclear envelopeTetrad Chromatin Chromosomes duplicate

Homologous Microtubule chromosomes attached to Pairs of homologous kinetochore Tertads line separate up chromosomes split up

MEIOSIS II: Separates sister chromatids

TELOPHASE I AND CYTOKINESIS PROPHASE II METAPHASE II ANAPHASE II TELOPHASE II AND CYTOKINESIS

Cleavage furrow

Sister chromatids separate

Haploid daughter cells forming

Two haploid cells form; chromosomes are still double

During another round of cell division, the sister chromatids finally separate; four haploid daughter cells result, containing single chromosomes

INTERPHASE I The phase when cells grow and develop. Is to hold a preparatory stage of cell division. In this phase of DNA duplication events from one copy into two copies. End of phase produced two copies of DNA and ready to turn into chromosomes

PROPHASE I

1. Leptoten This phase is characterized by chromatin thread turned into a chromosome. 2. Zigoten This phase is characterized by homologous chromosomes close together and in pairs to form synapses, or bivalent.
3. pachytene In this phase there duplication or replication of chromosomes, the centromere into two chromatids that are still together or berlekatan and not divide, so-called tetrad. In this phase can occur between the chromosome arm chiasma. Chiasma is the site of crossovers. 4. Diploten Homologous chromosomes move away from each other. 5. Diakinesis This phase is marked by the emergence of yarn spindles that came out between the two centrioles, which has been at opposite poles. In this phase, the nucleolus and nucleus membrane disappears, and tetrad began moving toward the equator site.

Still PROPHASE I
The chromosomes are completely condensed. In meiosis (unlike mitosis), the homologous chromosomes pair with one another

METAPHASE I
This phase is characterized by: 1. Homologous chromosomes (tetrads) arrange themselves in the field of the equator / division 2. Each chromosome binds to the spindle at the centromere threads

ANAPHASE I
The chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell.

TELOPHASE I & CYTOKINESIS

The cell begins to divide into two daughter cells.

PROPHASE II
The cell has divided into two daughter cells.

METAPHASE II
As in Meiosis I, the chromosomes line up on the spindle fibers.

ANAPHASE II
The two cells each begin to divide. As in Meiosis I, the chromosomes move to opposite ends of each cell.

TELOPHASE II & CYTOKINESIS

With the formation of four cells, meiosis is over. Each of these prospective germ cells carries half the number of chromosomes of somatic cells.

 A comparison of mitosis and meiosis

MITOSIS
Parent cell (before chromosome replication)

MEIOSIS
Chiasma (site of crossing over) MEIOSIS I

Prophase

Prophase I Chromosome replication 2n = 6 Chromosome replication Tetrad formed by synapsis of homologous chromosomes

Duplicated chromosome (two sister chromatids)

Metaphase

Chromosomes positioned at the metaphase plate

Tetrads positioned at the metaphase plate

Metaphase I

Anaphase Telophase

Sister chromatids separate during anaphase

Homologues separate during anaphase I; sister chromatids remain together

Anaphase I Telophase I Haploid n=3

Daughter cells of meiosis I

2n

2n

Daughter cells of mitosis

n n n n

MEIOSIS II

Daughter cells of meiosis II Sister chromatids separate during anaphase II