Basic GD&T

GEOMETRIC DIMESIONING & TOLERANCING

REF : 1) ASME Y14.5M-1994.
(American Society of Mechanical Engineers)

2) MNM STD A 00 0020 - REV A

PRESENTATION BY :- KOTWAL P. H. PROJECT INGENIO, NASIK

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GD&T 1) GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING IS A METHOD OF STATING AND INTERPRETING DESIGN REQUIREMENTS.

2) IT IS A TOOL AVAILABLE TO MAKE COMMUNICATION BETTER BETWEEN DESIGNER AND MANUFACTURER, INSPECTION.

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14 SYMBOLS USED IN GD&T

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10 MODIFIERS USED IN GD&T

OLD PRACTICE

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GD&T IS COMBINATION OF SYMBOLS, MODIFIERS, TOL. VALUES & DATUMS --- IS CALLED FEATURE CONTROL FRAME (FCF)

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RULES IN GD&T:RULE #1 - WHEN ONLY A TOLERENCE OF SIZE IS SPECIFIED, THAT CONTROLS BOTH SIZE AND FORM.

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RULE #2 - RFS IS IMPLIED FOR ALL GEOMETRIC TOLERANCE. RULE #2a - RFS MAY BE SPECIFIED ON THE DRAWING W.R.T. INDIVIDUAL TOL., DATUM REF., OR BOTH AS APPLICABLE.

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RULE #3 - FOR SCREW THREADS, SPLINES AND GEARS THE TOLERANCE AND DATUM REFERENCE ORIGINATE FROM PITCH CYLINDER AXIS.

RULE #4 - A VIRTUAL CONDITION EXISTS FOR A DATUM FOS WHERE ITS AXIS OR CENTRE LINE IS CONTROLLED BY A GEOMETRIC TOLERANCE.
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General Terms used in GD&t

1) FOS - Feature Of Size 2) MMC - Maximum Material Condition 3) LMC - Least Material Condition 4) RFS - Regardless Of feature Size. 5) VC - Virtual Condition 6) TOP - Tolerance Of Position 7) BONUS TOLERANCE 8) DATUM
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1) FOS FEATURE IS A PHYSICAL PORTION OF A PART AND DIMENSION SHOWN TO THE PORTION IS CALLED FEATURE OF SIZE.

E.g. FEATURES
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E.g. FEATURES OF SIZE

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2) MMC :MAXIMUM MATERIAL CONDITION IS A CONDITION IN WHICH FEATURE OF SIZE CONTAINS MAX AMOUNT OF MATERIAL

EVERYWHERE WITHIN THE STATED LIMITS

OF SIZE.

E.G. - SHAFT DIA 20.0 +/-0.2

I.e. MMC = 20.2

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3) LMC :LEAST MATERIAL CONDITION IN WHICH A FEATURE OF SIZE CONTAINS LEAST AMOUNT OF MATERIAL WITHIN THE STATED LIMITS OF SIZE.

e.g. SHAFT DIA 20.2 +/-0.2 I.e. LMC OF SHAFT IS 20.0

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4) RFS REGARDLESS OF FEATURE SIZE IS A TEARM THAT INDICATES A GEOMETRIC TOLERANCE APPLIES AT ANY INCREMENT OF FEATURE WITHIN ITS SIZE TOLERANCE. OR RFS IS THAT THE GEOMETRIC TOLERANCE APPLIES AT WHATEVER SIZE OF PART IS PRODUCED
RFS applies, with respect to the individual tolerance, datum reference, or both, where no modifying symbol is specified. RFS does not permit bonus tolerance.
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e.g. RFS Tolerance Zone

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When & Where apply Modifiers like MMC, LMC & RFS. 1) MMC - When function of FOS is Assembly

2) LMC - When function of FOS is to ensure MIN distance on a part 3) RFS - To ensure symmetrical relationship.

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5) VC - Virtual Condition- VC is a collective action of FOS at MMC or at LMC and geometric tolerance for that material condition.
INNER BOUNDRY (IB) = LMC + GEOMETRIC TOL

OUTER BOUNDRY (OB) = MMC + GEOMETRIC TOL

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WORST CASE BOUNDRY (WCB) = TERM REFERS TO THE EXTREME BOUNDRY OF A FOS THAT IS THE WORST FOR ASSEMBLY. e.g.

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MMC Virtual Condition :- When a MMC

modifier is applied in FCF of FOS, the VC of FOS gets affected.

A) In case of External Feature VC = MMC + Geometric Tolerance

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B) - In case if Internal Feature VC = MMC - Geometric Tolerance

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LMC Virtual Condition :- When a LMC modifier is applied in a FCF of FOS, the VC of FOS is affected. A) In case of External Feature VC = LMC - GEOMETRIC TOLERANCE

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A) In case of Internal Feature VC = LMC + GEOMETRIC TOLERANCE

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MULTIPLE VIRTUAL CONDITION :The FOS may have several VC

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6) Tolerance Of Position :- TOP is a geometric tolerance that defines the location tolerance of a FOS from its true position.

a) TOP can aplly with RFS, MMC & LMC. Theoretically exact location defined of FOS is defined by basic dimensions is called TRUE POSITION of the FOS

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b)comparison of CO-ORD. tolerancing with TOP tol zone

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c) Guide to use TOP

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d) TOP using Projected Tol. Zone - Projected tolerance zone is tolerance zone that is projected above the part surface.

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e.g. Projected tolerance Zone

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e) PLTZF & FRTZF used to define pattern type features. PLTZF - PATTERN LOCATING TOLERANCE ZONE FRAME WORK. It restricts the zone in which the entire pattern of features can be located FRTZF - FRAME RELATING TOLERANCE ZONE FRAME WORK. This tolerance is tighter & restricts the relationship of individual feature location with each other within the pattern.

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e.g. PLTZF & FRTZF

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7) BONUS TOLERANCE

- Bonus tolerance is an additional tolerance for a geometric control. - Bonus tolerance is only permissible when at MMC (or LMC) modifier is shown in the tolerance portion of a FCF - Bonus tolerance comes from FOS tolerance.

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8) DATUM a) Implied Datum- Implied Datums are imaginary plane, axis or centre point from measurement is made

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Consequence of Implied plane 1) Good parts may reject 2) Rejected parts may accept
b) Planer Datum - A datum is a theoretically exact plane from which dimensions is made. A datum feature is a part feature that contacts a datum. A Planer Datum is the true geometrical counterpart of a planer datum feature.

Next figure shows the presentation of Planer Datums

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How to decide datum sequence- When FCF refers datum, the sequence is determined by reading the FCF from left. The first compartment that contains a datum reference denotes the datum feature that is to contact the inspection equipment first, second datum feature with second inspection equipment & third with third.

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Comparison Co-ord Tol & GDT tol.

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