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Solids
Liquids
Gasses
The materials, which have a regular and periodical arrangement of atoms or molecules in a solid, are known as crystalline materials. Again classified into two types
o
Single crystals:
Entire
Poly crystals:
It has composed of many small crystals that are separated by well defined boundaries.
Non-Metallic crystals: Ice, Carbon, Diamond, Nacl, Kcl etc Metallic Crystals: Copper, Silver, Aluminium, Tungsten, Magnesium etc
is
composed of randomly orientated atoms , ions, or molecules that do not form defined patterns or lattice structures. Amorphous materials have order only within a few atomic or molecular dimensions.
Amorphous materials do not have any long-range order, but they have varying degrees of short-range order.
Examples to amorphous materials include amorphous silicon, plastics, and glasses.
Amorphous silicon can be used in solar cells and thin film transistors.
Non-crystalline
The science that studies geometrical form and other physical properties of crystalline solids called Crystallography
Lattice Space lattice Basis of the crystal structure Unit cell Primitive cell
What is lattice?
Lattice is defined as the array of points which are imaginarily kept to represent the position of atoms in the crystal. It is an imaginary concept.
The position of atom or molecules in space denoted by point is called lattice point or lattice sites
The lines joined between the lattice points are called lattice lines or direction.
An infinite array of points in space, Each point has identical surroundings to all others.
y B C O a A D x E
That is an infinite three dimensional arrangement of lattice point in space in which the environment about the each point in same is defined as space lattice
Crystal structure:
When
the basis is repeated with correct periodicity in all directions, we can get the actual crystal structure. i.e. Lattice + Basis = Crystal structure
A unit cell may be consider as brick of wall. This unit cell may also known as elementary
S S
S a
uniquely determined by the six lattice constants: a, b, c, , and . These six parameters are also called as basic lattice parameters.
The unit cell formed by the primitives a,b and c is called primitive cell. A primitive cell will have only one lattice point. If there are two are more lattice points it is not considered as a primitive cell. As most of the unit cells of various crystal
On the basis of the lengths and directions of the axes of the symmetry, all the crystals may be classified into the following seven system.
Cubic crystal Tetragonal crystal Orthorhombic crystal Monoclinic crystal Triclinic crystal Rhombohedral crystal Hexagonal crystal
Crystal system
Cubic Tetragonal Orthorhombic Monoclinic
Unit vector
a= b=c a = b c abc abc
Angles
= ==90 = ==90 = ==90 = =90
Triclinic
Rhombohedral Hexagonal
abc
a= b=c a= b c
90
= =90 ==90 =120
S.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
12 13
Tetragonal Orthorhombic
Monoclinic
Bravais lattices Simple Body centered Face centered Simple Body centered Simple Base centered Body centered Face centered Simple Base centered
Symbol P I F P I P C I F P C
P P
14
Hexagonal
Simple
Number of atoms per unit cell (or) Effective number Atomic radius Co-ordination number Atomic packing factor (or) Packing density (or) density of packing
The total number of atoms present in or shared by an unit cell is known as number of atoms per unit cell.
Atomic radius is defined as half of the distance between any two nearest neighbour atoms which have direct contact with each other It is usually expressed in terms of cube edge a.
Coordination Number (CN) : The number of nearest neighbouring atoms to a particular atom in the lattice array.
Atomic Packing Factor (APF) is defined as the ratio of volume of atoms within the unit cell to the total volume of the unit cell.