Basic Anatomy

Learning Objectives
As a pharma representative you must have a basic knowledge of where the structures of the body are (anatomy) Identify the following terms: medial, lateral proximal, distal, superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, midline, right, left, bilateral, mid-clavicular, mid-axillary Describe the anatomy and function of the following major body systems: respiratory, circulatory, musculoskeletal, nervous, Gastrointestinal, genitourinary and endocrine.

First things first

We have to be able to speak the language

Anatomical Terms
Normal anatomical position
The position that a patient is in when determining terms. Person standing, facing forward Palms facing forward

Looks something like this:

 Midline

Anatomical Planes

Imaginary line drawn vertically through the middle of the body (Nose to umbilicus (belly button)) that divides the body into right and left

Mid-axillary
Imaginary line drawn vertically from the middle of the armpit to the ankle dividing the body into anterior and posterior (front and back).

Anatomical Planes-Descriptive Terms

Superior
Is either your supervisor---or means something higher (closer to the head)

Inferior
Lower, away from head

Anterior Front Posterior Back

Anatomical Planes-Descriptive Terms

Right and Left
Your patients right and left!

Mid-clavicular
Line that runs down the middle of the clavicle (the nipple of the breast usually is mid-clavicular)

Bilateral
Both sides

Dorsal
Back side, or top (dorsal fin of fish)

Ventral
Opposite of Dorsal, front side

Dorsal

Having a bad day

Ventral

Take 5 minutes, then we will take a look at

Body Systems

Musculoskeletal System
Function
Gives body shape Protects vital organs Provides for body movement

Components
Bones, joints, connective tissues and muscles

Bones
Skull-houses and protects the brain Face
Orbit Nasal bone Maxilla Mandible Zygomatic bones (cheeks)

Bones
Spinal Column (33 vertebrae)
Cervical (neck) 7 vertebrae Thoracic (upper back) 12 vertebrae Lumbar (lower back) 5 vertebrae Sacral (back wall of pelvis) 5 vertebrae Coccyx (tail bone) 4 vertebrae

Bones
Thorax
Ribs
12 pairs Attached posterior to the thoracic vertebrae Pairs 1-10 attached anterior to the sternum Pairs 11 and 12 are floating

Sternum (breast bone)

Bones
Pelvis Iliac crest (wings of pelvis) Pubis (anterior portion of pelvis) Ischium (inferior portion of pelvis)

Joints
Where bones connect to other bones
Ball and socket

Joints
Where bones connect to other bones
Hinge

Joints
Where bones connect to other bones
Fixed

Now its your turn!

Take 5 minutes, then we will take a look at

Tissue and Muscle

Connective Tissue
Ligaments
Hold joints together

Tendons
Attach muscle to bone

Muscle Types
Voluntary (skeletal)
May also attach muscles to bones Form major muscle mass in the body Under control of the nervous system and the brain; can be contracted and relaxed by the will of the patient Responsible for movement

Muscle Types
Involuntary (smooth)
Found in the walls of the tubular structures of the gastrointestinal tract and the urinary system as well as blood vessels and bronchi Control the flow of blood through these structures Carry out automatic muscular functions of the body Patients have no direct control over these muscles Respond to stimuli such as stretching, heat and cold

Types of muscle
Cardiac
Found only in the heart Involuntary muscle Has its own supply of blood through the coronary artery system Can tolerate interruption of blood supply for only very short time periods Automaticity-has the ability to contract on its own

Respiratory System
Nose and mouth Pharynx
Oropharynx Nasopharynx

Respiratory System
Epiglottis-leaf shaped structure that prevents food and liquid from entering trachea during swallowing

Respiratory System
Larynx (voice box)

Respiratory System
Diaphragm
Inhalation (active)
Diaphragm and intercostal

muscles contract increasing size of the thoracic cavity

Diaphragm moves slightly downward, ribs move upward/outward

Air flows into lungs

Exhalation
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax decreasing the size of the thoracic cavity
Diaphragm moves upward, ribs move downward/inward

Air flows out of the lungs

Take 5 minutes, then we will take a look at

Circulatory and Nervous System

Circulatory (Cardiovascular)
Heart
Structure/function
Atrium
Right-receives blood from the veins of the body and heart, pumps oxygen poor blood into right ventricle Left-receives blood from the pulmonary veins (lungs), pumps oxygen right blood to left ventricle

Ventricle
Right-pumps blood to lungs Left-pumps blood to body

Valves-prevent backflow of blood

Cardiac Conduction System

Heart is more than a muscle
Specialized contractile and conductive tissue in the heart Electrical impulses
Automaticity

Arteries
Carry blood away from the heart to rest of the body Major arteries
Coronary arteries-supply the heart with blood Aorta-major artery supplies other vessels with blood, originates from the heart lying in front of the spine in the thoracic and abdominal cavities and divides at the level of the navel into the iliac arteries

Arterioles are the smallest branch of an artery leading to capillaries

Capillaries
Tiny blood vessels that connect arterioles to venules Found in all parts of the body Allows for the exchange of nutrients and waste at the cellular level Venules are the smallest branch of the veins leading to the capillaries

Veins
Carry blood back to the heart Major veins:
*Pulmonary vein-carries oxygen rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium Venae cavae
Superior Inferior Carries oxygen poor blood back to right atrium

Nervous system
Controls the voluntary and involuntary activity of the body Components
Central nervous system
Brain-located within cranium Spinal cord-located in spine from brain to lumbar vertebrae

Peripheral nervous system

Sensory nerves carry info from body to brain and spinal cord Motor nerves carry info from the brain and spinal cord to the body

Nervous system
1) 2) Autonomic (Involuntary) - This part of the nervous system is divided into two sub divisions: Sympathetic nervous system (fright or flight) - Promotes energy generation, inhibits digestion Parasympathetic nervous system (rest & digest) - Promotes calming and digestion

Take 5 minutes, then we will take a look at

Endocrine, Gastrointestinal, Genitourinary & Skin

Endocrine System
Secretes chemicals (hormones), responsible for regulating body activities such as reproductive changes and regulation of metabolism Organs include the hypothalamus in the brain, pituitary gland, thyroid and parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, and parts of the pancreas

Gastrointestinal System
Responsible for the digestion of food Chemicals aiding in digestion produced by liver, gallbladder and parts of pancreas

Genitourinary system
Organs include reproductive organs and those organs responsible for the production and secretion of urine Located close together in abdomen and pelvis because of shared functions

Skin
Biggest organ of the human body Integumentary system Protects body from environment, bacteria, and other organisms Helps regulate body temperature Senses heat, cold, touch, pressure, and pain-transmits this information to brain and spinal cord

Layers of the Skin

Epidermis-outermost layer of skin Dermis-deeper layer of skin containing sweat and sebaceous glands, hair follicles, blood vessels, and nerve endings Subcutaneous tissue

Any Questions?