neLwork layer proLocols

lv4lv6A8
and
8A8
resenLed by khan Puda
@oplc
W l neLwork Addresslng
W Classfull l addresslng
W @echnlques Lo reduce address shorLage ln
lv4
W leaLures of lv6
W Peader Comparlsons
W LxLenslon Peaders
W A8
W 8A8
l neLwork Addresslng
W INTERNET world`s largest public data
network, doubling in size every nine months
W IPv4, deIines a 32-bit address - 2
32
(4,294,967,296) IPv4 addresses available
W The Iirst problem is concerned with the
eventual depletion oI the IP address space.
W Traditional model oI classIull addressing
does not allow the address space to be used
to its maximum potential.
Classful Addresslng
W hen IP was Iirst standardized in Sep 1981,
each system attached to the IP based Internet
had to be assigned a unique 32-bit address
W The 32-bit IP addressing scheme involves a
two level addressing hierarchy
Network Number/PreIix Network Number/PreIix Host Number Host Number
Classful Addresslng
W ulvlded lnLo 3 classes
W Class A 8 blLs n/W ld
and 24 blLs hosL ld and
so on 8C
W WasLage of l
addresses by asslgnlng
blocks of addresses
whlch fall along ocLeL
boundarles
@echnlques Lo reduce address
shorLage ln lv4
W SubneLLlng
W Classless lnLer uomaln 8ouLlng (Clu8)
W neLwork Address @ranslaLlon (nA@)
SubneLLlng
W @hreelevel hlerarchy neLwork subneL and hosL
W @he exLendedneLworkpreflx ls composed of Lhe
classfull neLworkpreflx and Lhe subneLnumber
W @he exLendedneLworkpreflx has LradlLlonally
been ldenLlfled by Lhe subneL mask
Network-PreIix Subnet-Number Host-Number
SubneLLlng Lxample
Internet
G
H1 H2
H3 H4
Subnet mask 255.255.255.0
All traffic
to 128.10.0.0
128.10.1.1
128.10.1.2
128.10.2.1 128.10.2.2
Sub-network 128.10.1.0
Sub-network 128.10.2.0
Net mask 255.255.0.0
Classless lnLeruomaln 8ouLlng
W LllmlnaLes LradlLlonal classfull l rouLlng
W SupporLs Lhe deploymenL of arblLrarlly slzed
neLworks
W 8ouLlng lnformaLlon ls adverLlsed wlLh a blL
mask/preflx lengLh speclfles Lhe number of lefLmosL
conLlguous blLs ln Lhe neLwork porLlon of each rouLlng Lable
enLry
W Lxample 19216800/21
Clu8 @able LnLry
W LxLracL Lhe desLlnaLlon l address
W 8oolean Anu Lhe l address wlLh Lhe subneL
mask for each enLry ln Lhe rouLlng Lable
W @he answer you geL afLer Anulng ls checked
wlLh Lhe base address enLry correspondlng
Lo Lhe subneL mask enLry wlLh whlch Lhe
desLlnaLlon enLry was 8oolean Anued
W lf a maLch ls obLalned Lhe packeL ls
forwarded Lo Lhe rouLer wlLh Lhe
correspondlng base address
neLwork Address @ranslaLlon
W Lach organlzaLlon
slngle 9address
W WlLhln organlzaLlon
each hosL wlLh l
unlque Lo Lhe orgn
from reserved seL of l
addresses
3 Reserved ranges 3 Reserved ranges
10.0.0.0 10.0.0.0 - - 10.255.255.255 (16,777,216 hosts) 10.255.255.255 (16,777,216 hosts)
172.16.0.0 172.16.0.0 - - 172.31.255.255/12 (1,048,576 172.31.255.255/12 (1,048,576
hosts) hosts)
192.168.0.0 192.168.0.0 - - 192.168.255.255/16 (65,536 192.168.255.255/16 (65,536
hosts) hosts)
nA@ Lxample
$ource
Computer
$ource
Computer's
IP Address
$ource
Computer's
Port
NAT Router's
IP Address
NAT Router's
Assigned
Port Number
A 10.0.0.1 400 24.2.249.4 1
B 10.0.0.2 50 24.2.249.4 2
C 10.0.0.3 3750 24.2.249.4 3
D 10.0.0.4 206 24.2.249.4 4
10.0.0.4
10.0.0.1
B
C
lv6 ueslgn lssues
W Cvercome lv4 scallng problem
lack of address space
W llexlble LranslLlon mechanlsm
W new rouLlng capablllLles
W CuallLy of servlce
W SecurlLy
W AblllLy Lo add feaLures ln Lhe fuLure
/LcuI lFv4 cnc lFv
IF vers|on IFv4 IFv
Dep|oyed 181 1
Address S|ze 32-LiI numLer 128-LiI numLer
Address
Formot
Dotted Dec|mo| Notot|on:
12.0.2.7
Hexodec|mo| Notot|on:
2001:0D88:0234:A800:
0123:457:801:A8CD
Number o|
Addresses
2
32
= 4,24,7,2 2
128
= 340,282,3,20,38,43,
43,374,07,431,78,211,45
Exomp|es o|
Fre||x Notot|on
12.0.2.0J24
10J8
[o J8 b|ock = 1J25
th
o| toto| IFv4 oddress
spoce = 2
24
= 1,777,21 oddresses}
2001:0D88:0234::J48
200:0000::J12
40
bytes
20
bytes
!Pv4
!Pv6
0 15 16 31
VER HLEN TOS Total length
identification flags flag-offset
TTL protocol header checksum
source address
destination address
options and padding
VER PRI flow-label
payload length next header hop limit
source address
destination address
Removed (6)
W ID, flags, flag offset
W TOS, HLEN
W header checksum
Changed (3)
Added (2)
Expanded
W total length > payload
W protocol > next header
W TTL > hop limit
W traffic class
W flow label
W address 32 to 128 bits
eader comparison eader comparison
a[or lmprovemenLs of
lv6 Peader
W Slmpler header fasLer processlng by rouLers
no opLlonal flelds flxed slze (40 byLes)
no fragmenLaLlon flelds
no checksum
W SupporL for mulLlple headers
more flexlble Lhan slmple proLocol" fleld
LxLenslon Peaders
W 8ouLlng LxLended rouLlng llke lv4 loose llsL of
rouLers Lo vlslL
W lragmenLaLlon lragmenLaLlon and reassembly
W AuLhenLlcaLlon lnLegrlLy and auLhenLlcaLlon
securlLy
W LncapsulaLlon ConfldenLlallLy
W PopbyPop CpLlon Speclal opLlons LhaL requlre
hopbyhop processlng
W uesLlnaLlon CpLlons CpLlonal lnformaLlon Lo be
examlned by Lhe desLlnaLlon node
18
lv4Mapped lv6 Address
W lv4Mapped addresses allow a hosL LhaL
supporL boLh lv4 and lv6 Lo communlcaLe
wlLh a hosL LhaL supporLs only lv4
W @he lv6 address ls based compleLely on Lhe
lv4 address
19
Works wlLh unS
W An lv6 appllcaLlon asks unS for Lhe address
of a hosL buL Lhe hosL only has an lv4
address
W unS creaLes Lhe lv4Mapped lv6 address
auLomaLlcally
W kernel undersLands Lhls ls a speclal address
and really uses lv4 communlcaLlon
@unnellng
(done auLomaLlcally by kernel when lv4
CompaLlble lv6 addresses used)
IPv6
ost
IPv6
ost
IPv4 Routers
IPv6 Datagram
IPv4 Datagram
21
lv4CompaLlble lv6 Address
W An lv4 compaLlble address allows a hosL
supporLlng lv6 Lo Lalk lv6 even lf Lhe local
rouLer(s) don'L Lalk lv6
W lv4 compaLlble addresses Lell endpolnL
sofLware Lo creaLe a Lunnel by encapsulaLlng
Lhe lv6 packeL ln an lv4 packeL
22
uual Server
W ln Lhe fuLure lL wlll be lmporLanL Lo creaLe
servers LhaL handle boLh lv4 and lv6
W @he work ls handled by Lhe CS (whlch
conLalns proLocol sLacks for boLh v4 and v6)
auLomaLlc creaLlon of lv6 address from an lv4
cllenL (lv4mapped lv6 address)
23
IPv4
client
IPv4
client
TCP TCP
IPv4 IPv4
Datalink Datalink
IPv6
client
IPv6
client
TCP TCP
IPv6 IPv6
Datalink Datalink
IPv6
server
IPv6
server
TCP TCP
Datalink Datalink
IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
IPv4-mapped
IPv6 address
A8 8A8

ARP and RARP

Position of ARP and RARP in 1CP/IP protocol suite

Notice that ARP and RARP are supplemental to !P.

ARP
RP RP associates associates an an IP IP address address with with its its physical physical address address.. On On aa
typical typical physical physical network, network, such such as as aa LN, LN, each each device device on on aa
link link is is identiIied identiIied by by aa physical physical or or station station address address that that is is usually usually
imprinted imprinted on on the the NIC NIC..
Logical address to physical address translation can be
done statically (not practical) or dynamically (with ARP).

ARP operation

ARP packet
ardware
Type Ethernet
is type 1
Protocol Type
!Pv4=x0800
ardware
Length: length of
Ethernet
Address (6)
Protocol
Length: length of
!Pv4 address (4)

ncapsulation of ARP packet

The ARP packet is encapsulated within an Ethernet packet.
Note: Type field for Ethernet is x0806

our cases using ARP

Proxy ARP
A proxy ARP, running in a router, can respond to an ARP
request for any of its proteges. The proxy ARP replies
with its own NAC address. When the packet arrives, the
router delivers it to the appropriate host.

RARP
RARP RARP finds finds the the logical logical address address for for aa machine machine that that only only knows knows its its
physical physical address address..
1his 1his if if often often encountered encountered on on thin thin- -client client workstations workstations.. Ao Ao disk, disk, so so when when
machine machine is is booted, booted, it it needs needs to to know know its its IP IP address address (don't (don't want want to to burn burn
the the IP IP address address into into the the ROM) ROM)..
RARP RARP requests requests are are broadcast, broadcast, RARP RARP replies replies are are unicast unicast..
If If aa thin thin- -client client workstation workstation needs needs to to know know its its IP IP address, address, it it probably probably
also also needs needs to to know know its its subnet subnet mask, mask, router router address, address, DAS DAS address, address, etc etc..
So So we we need need something something more more than than RARP RARP.. BOO1P, BOO1P, and and now now DHCP DHCP have have
replaced replaced RARP RARP..

RARP operation

RARP packet

ncapsulation of RARP packet

Dest i nat i on Sour ce Dest i nat i on Sour ce What i s your MAC addr ess?
FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF 02-60-8C-01 -02-03 1 97. 1 5. 22. 1 26 1 97. 1 5. 22. 33
AC ADR I P ADR
ARP Request
essage
Dest i nat i on Sour ce Dest i nat i on Sour ce What i s my P addr ess
00-40-33-28-35-77 02-60-8C-01 -02-03 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
AC ADR I P ADR
RARP Request
essage
Dest i nat i on Sour ce Dest i nat i on Sour ce Her e i s your P addr ess
00-40-33-28-35-77 02-60-8C-01 -02-03 1 97. 1 5. 22. 1 23 1 97. 1 5. 22. 1 26
AC ADR I P ADR
RARP Request
essage
@PAnk ?Cu