Computer simulation experiments of effect of different autonomic drugs on arterial blood pressure & heart rate of rats

Arterial blood pressure (ABP)

ABP = COP X PVR
ABP is directly proportional to cardiac output (COP) & peripheral vascular resistance (PVR) COP= HR X SV
PVR depends mainly on diameter
of small sized arterioles
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1sT experiment: effect of different doses of norepinephrine (NA) on HR & ABP

Inject 2 , 4 & 8 nmol/kg of NA

Observation: increased ABP with minimal effect on HR, which increases only with high doses 3

Explanation of effect of NE on ABP & HR: NE acts mainly on 1 receptors VSM contraction vasoconstriction (skin, mucous memb., splanchnic area) PVR With higher doses of NE, it activates also cardiac 1 receptors some increase in the heart rate

Design an experiment to prove the suggested explanation

Inject an alpha adrenoceptor blocker and test the effect of NE on ABP & HR

What is the effect of prazosin on ABP and HR?

It is an alpha blocker it blocks 1 adrenoceptors vasodilation (skin, mucous membrane, splanchnic area) PVRABP ABP slight reflex tachycardia

2nd experiment: effect of different doses of epinephrine on HR & ABP

Inject 2 , 4 & 8 nmol/kg

Observation: ABP & HR The ABP before returning to base line level
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Explanation of effect of epinephrine on HR & ABP

Epinephrine stimulates 1 , 1, 2 adrenoceptors Beta receptors are more sensitive to the effect of epinephrine On heart: 1 activation +ve inotropic & chronotropic effects COP leading to increased ABP On BV : - 2 activation induces vSMC relaxation [sk.m. vascular bed ) PVR - 1 activation causes vSM contraction vasoconstriction (skin, mucous memb., splanchnic area) PVR.

Explanation of effect of epinephrine on HR & ABP

The

net effect of these two opposing effects (1 & 2 ) on vSMC is an in PVR. At lower epinephrine concentrations, the effect on alpha receptors decreases, while the activity on 2 receptors predominates leading to decrease PVR & lowering ABP before returning to base line level
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Design an experiment to demonstrate the role of 1 receptors in the effect of adrenaline on HR & ABP
Inject atenolol & test the effect of epinephrine on HR & ABP

Observation: blocking 1 receptors by atenolol blocks the effect of epinephrine on HR & decreases the effect on ABP
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What happens if you block alpha & beta receptors & then inject epinephrine?

Epinephrine reversal: The pressor effect of epinephrine is

reversed due to 1 & 1 blockade, leaving the 2 vasodilating 11 effect acting ABP.

How to confirm the cause of epinephrine reversal?

Inject prazosin then propranolol instead of atenolol followed by injection of adrenaline

No epinephrine reversal since propranolol blocks not only cardiac 1 receptors but also vascular 2 receptors12

Compare between the effect of epinephrine and norepinphrine on HR & ABP

Observation: In equimolar doses of epinephrine & NE: Only epinephrine increases HR NE produces higher increase in ABP

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Explanation

NE acts mainly on alpha receptors with minimal effect on beta receptors minimal increase in HR Absence of 2 dilating effect explains why the PVR and ABP is more by norepinephrine.

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3rd experiment: effect of different doses of isoprenaline (Beta agonist) on HR & ABP

Observation: Isoprenaline increases HR Isoprenaline initially decreases ABP. As HR reaches its maximum increase, ABP shows minimal increase before returning to normal

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Explanation for the effect of isoprenaline on HR & ABP

Isoprenaline activates mainly beta adrenoceptor It activates cardiac 1 receptors leading to increase in HR & force of contraction (which increases COP) Activation of 2 receptorsVasodilaton decrease in PVR The net effect of the two factors (COP & PVR) is a decrease in blood pressure initially. However, when force of contraction is markedly elevated, the increase of COP overcomes the effect of decrease in PVR and thus ABP starts to 16

Design an experiment to prove the explanation for the effect of isoprenaline on HR & ABP

Step1: Inject 1 blocker & then inject isoprenaline

Observation: atenolol abolishes the effect isoprenaline on HR The initial ABP-lowering effect of isoprenaline maintained, while its pressor effect is abolished

of
is
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Design an experiment to prove the explanation for the effect of isoprenaline on HR & ABP Step 2: inject propranolol to block 2 receptors followed again by isoprenaline

Observation: Propranolol blocks 1 & 2 receptors thus abolishes the effect of isoprenaline on ABP

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4th experiment: effect of phenylephrine on HR & ABP

Observation: Small dose phenylephrine leads to slight increase in ABP with no effect on HR High dose phenylephrine increases markedly ABP with 19 decrease in the HR

Explanation of the effect of phenylephrine on ABP & HR

Phenylephrine is an alpha adrenoceptor agonist Activation of 1 receptors VSM contraction vasoconstriction( skin, mucous memb., splanchnic area) PVR High dose of phenylephrine marked elevation of ABP reflex in sympathetic activity. Parasympathetic activity will take the upper hand HR

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Design an experiment to prove the explanation of the effect of phenylephrine on HR and ABP

Inject an alpha blocker followed by phenylephrine

Observation: prazosin decreases or abolishes the effect of phenylephrine on ABP & reflex bradycardia disappears21

How to prove that reflex bradycardia is due to relative increase in parasympathetic activity

Observation: decreased HR is abolished by atropine despite of elevation of ABP

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Explanation for the effect of acetylcholine on HR and ABP

on

chronotropic effect COP

heart: M2 activation - ve

on BV: endothelial cells M3 activation release of NO from vascular endothelial cells vSMC relaxation PVR Decrease in heart rate & decrease in PVR lead to ABP
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5th experiment: Effect of different doses of acetylcholine on ABP and HR

Observation: small doses of acetylcholine lower only ABP Higher doses produce both in the HR & more significant 24 lowering of ABP

Design an experiment to prove the explanation of the effect of acetylcholine on HR & ABP

Inject atropine & then test the effect of acetylcholine

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Design an experiment to show acetylcholine reversal

1. 2. 3. 4.

Inject a test dose of acetylcholine Inject atropine Inject the same dose of acetylcholine Inject a dose of acetylcholine which is 10 times the test dose

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Design an experiment to prove the mechanism of action of neostigmine of acetylcholine Inject a test dose
Inject neostigmine Inject the test dose of acetylcholine

Observation: Neostigmine increases the ABP- lowering effect of acetylcholine & augments its effect on HR

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Explanation for acetylcholine reversal

Atropine injection A parasympatholytic blocks muscarinic receptors. It blocks the effect of small dose of Ach. Ach injection [big dose] Stimulates nicotinic receptors NN after muscarinic receptors have been blocked by atropine Rise in ABP
Adrenal medulla release epinephrine BP Autonomic ganglia release of catecholamines from post-synaptic adrenergic nerve endings [sympathetic predominance] BP

Due to activation of NN at :

The BP by Ach [big dose] after muscarinic receptor block [by atropine] Ach reversal

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What is the effect of propranolol on ABP and HR?

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