Advanced Optics Internship: Optical Networks Brand Management

Advanced Optics Internship
Optical Networks Brand Management

Advanced Optics Internship - Optical Networks Brand Management
All-optical Network Concept

B A
l3
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W
l1
optical amplifier
l2
W
l1
l4
l1
l2 l4
E
l3
D
All-Optical Network
Key Components:
Multi-wavelength OLAs WDM Mux-Demux Filters DWDM Sources Optical X-Connects / Wavelength Routers Dispersion Compensators OAM&P
NORTELs Mission in Optical Transmission:

Push the Development and Commercialization of the Transmission Technologies that will Enable Cost Effective Deployment of the All Optical Network
Bandwidth Drivers
SERVICE EXPLOSION
Virtual Services MultiMedia Multimedia HDTV ATM Tele Shop. B-ISDN Virtual Stds ISDN
BANDWIDTH
HDTV ATM Tele Shop. B-ISDN Virtual Stds ISDN Tele Shop. B-ISDN Virtual Stds ISDN ATM Tele Shop. B-ISDN Virtual Stds ISDN
HDTV ATM Tele Shop. B-ISDN Virtual Stds ISDN
Packet Switch Packet Switch Packet Switch Packet Switch Packet Switch
Digital Data TV Data Telephony Telex Telegraph Digital Data TV Data Telephony Telex Telegraph Digital Data TV Data Telephony Telex Telegraph Digital Data TV Data Telephony Telex Telegraph Digital Data TV Data Telephony Telex Telegraph
1990 1995 2000 Bandwidth Growth of 100 to 200 Times Over Next Four Years
History of Nortel Leadership

1994 1995
Tx
OC-48
1557nm
1996
1533nm
1996
l5- l8
l1- l4
Line/Post Amplifier
High Performance Tx
1st integrated OC-48 transmitter and power amplifier 1533 & 1557nm for WDM operation Set standard for 2-l operation Over 150km reach Over 1600 units deployed
Bi-Directional OLA
Uni-directional line
amplifier
First in-service bidirectional optical line amplifier
Multi-wavelength Optical Repeater

1st in-service OC-192 Dense-WDM system Highest capacity Dense-WDM system 80Gb/s per fiber 8-l operation OC-48 and OC-192 Optical layer OAM&P 10000 units deployed
1530-1560nm
operation
Worldcom LA to Las
Vegas route
Up to 450km reach
between terminals
1533 & 1557nm

WDM operation
OC-48 and OC-192

operation
OC-48 and OC-192

operation
Over 1500 units

deployed
Over 220 units

deployed
Optical Market Share

North America 1999
Fujitsu Alcatel 1% 1% Other 1% Sycamore 2% Siemens 2%
NEC
Pirelli Ciena
4%
9% 14%
NORTEL 37%
SONET/SDH Total
#3 in 1995 #2 in 1996 #1 in 1997-99
Lucent 29%
DWDM Total
#3 in 1997 #1 in 1998-99
Alcatel 6%
NEC 3% Cisco (Cerent) 1% Other 1%
Fujitsu 21% Lucent 27%
NORTEL 41%
Source: RHK
Optical Technology Overview
Fiber Optics - Fundamentals
Optical Amplifier Fundamentals

Wavelength Division Multiplexing
Fiber Optic Fundamentals

Propagation of Light Fiber types
Attenuation
Chromatic dispersion Dispersion Management
Light Generation and Reception.
Tx
optical fibre
Rx
A light sensitive component (photo diode) reconstitutes the electrical signal Digital electrical signal received
Digital electrical signal to be sent
A laser generates light

The electrical signal modulates the laser source
Lig ht
Lig ht
Lig ht
Lig ht
if only it was that simple!

Single Mode Optical Fiber

Core:
High index of refraction Passes light Typical OD 7 to 9 microns
Cladding:
Low index of refraction Guides light OD 125 microns
Coating
Core Cladding
Coating
Protects core and cladding Dual Acrylic Coating, Polyamide, Nylon, Hytrel OD 250 microns
Propagation of Light
High/Low index boundary results in total internal reflection Acceptance angle: Only rays entering at <= qa will travel a significant distance
Refractive index slightly varies with wavelengths (chromatic dispersion) and

light intensity (non-linearities, e.g. four wave mixing).
Attenuation
optical fiber
Tx
Rx
Power of the optical signal sent
ATTENUATION
Sensitivity of the receiver
The power of an optical signal is reduced or attenuated as it travels down the fiber. Attenuation is intrinsic to all optical components including; fiber: material scattering and bend loss connectors: gaps, misalignment splices: misalignment
10
Attenuation: Frequency Dependence

1st Telecom Window (LANs) 2nd Telecom Window LANs and early SONET 1.3m 3rd Telecom Window Long-haul SONET and optical amplifiers 1.55m
850nm
1.8 dB/km Attenuation
0.35 dB/km 0.20 dB/km
800nm
1000nm
1200nm
1400nm
1600nm
Wavelength (nm)
11
Chromatic Dispersion
optical fiber
Tx
Rx
Optical Transmitter Power
T1
T2
T1
T2
Attenuation & Dispersion

Nominal Wavelength
Sensitivity of the receiver
The Power of the Optical Signal is spread over a range of wavelengths around the nominal, and is referred to as Chirp
Optical bandwidth
Information Envelope
The propagation velocity varies for different wavelengths resulting is pulse spreading
12
Effects of Dispersion
Ideal Input Signal
Actual Signal
1 0 BitError
Acceptable Pulse Broadening
1 0 BitError
Excessive Pulse Broadening: Error
Dispersion results in Inter Symbol Interference which makes it difficult for the receivers decision circuit to distinguish the correct bit pattern
Dispersion has more impact on higher rate signals due to the shorter pulse period
13
Dispersion Characteristics of Fiber

DSF N-DSF Dispersion
Corning SMF-28
TM
NZ-DSF
Lucent TrueWave TM Corning LEAF
TM
NZ-DSF
Corning SMF-LS
TM
ps km-1 nm-1
0
1310 1530 1550 1560
l0
Wavelength
Key Dispersion Parameters of Optical Fiber are;

Zero Dispersion Wavelength l0 Dispersion Slope
14
Single Mode Fiber Types

Non-Dispersion Shifted Fiber (N-DSF)
also referred to as Conventional Single-Mode Fiber TM Example: Corning SMF-28 optimized for 1310 nm transmission window deployed since mid-1980s represents majority of fiber deployed in existing networks
Dispersion Shifted Fiber (DSF)

optimized for 1550 nm high bit rate transmission applications limitations for dense WDM applications obsolete, replaced by NZ-DSF and not deployed anymore
Non-zero Dispersion Shifted Fiber (NZ-DSF)

optimized for high bit rate (TDM) and dense-WDM applications TM TM TM Examples: Corning SMF-LS or LEAF and Lucent TrueWave fiber currently being deployed in the majority of new long-haul networks
15
Direct Modulation
At 1310 nm Loss limited at 1550nm Dispersion Limited
LASER
Typical Distances allowed: 80 to 100Km at 1550nm
OPTICAL OUTPUT
DRIVE WAVEFORM
DC BIAS
Modulation achieved by turning laser on and off

direct modulation induces chirp Device physics limits dispersion performance at rates > 2.5Gb/s
16
External Modulation
External Modulator acts as a high speed shutter in front of the laser Produces a very clean (chirp free) optical pulse (compared to directly modulated
lasers)
Dispersion limits can be extended on Standard Fiber before using DCM:

Up to ~ 700km for OC-48 Up to ~ 90km for OC-192
2 modulator types commonly used:

Interferometric (Mach-Zehnder) Electro-Absorption Modulator
LASER EXTERNAL MODULATOR
OPTICAL OUTPUT
DC BIAS
DRIVE WAVEFORM
17
External Modulation: Mach-Zehnder

OC-48, Dispersion limit up to 600
to 700Km on NDSF @ OC48
Permits sophisticated signal predistortion (pre-compensation)

dispersion limit at 80 to 90Km on Standard Fiber @ 10Gb/s reduces need for DCM
good for all types of Fibers More costly than Directly

Modulated Tx (DMTx)
18
Dispersion Compensating Module

DCM adds the correct amount of opposite dispersion to counter
dispersion effects from the transmission fiber
DCM must be:

scaleable (correct amount of compensation) wideband (across 1550 nm wavelength band) bit-rate independent
Practical Options:
Dispersion Compensating Fiber (DCF) Chirped Fiber Gratings
19
Dispersion Compensating Fiber

TX D [ps] ~17 ps/nm/Km (NDSF) ~1500 ps Rx
DCM
Length of link [km]
used to compensate for positive dispersion in NDSF or

Blue-shifted NZ-DSF (example: Lucent TrueWave fiber)
DCF has negative dispersion i.e. it compresses the optical pulse counters the broadening of the optical pulse due to positive dispersion in the fiber
Characteristics
is broad band and bit-rate independent can be easily packaged and installed has relatively high loss
can be compensated for with EDFAs
20
What to do about chromatic dispersion?

Design fiber for low dispersion: DSF, NZ-DSF
Dispersion below 5 ps/nm/Km for both types of Fibers. Non-Linear Effects in DSF: ZDW coincide with EDFA Gain Window. Cost is increased.
Use Externally-Modulated Transmitters

Reduction of Chirp Signal Pre-distortion (pre-chirp)
Use a Dispersion Compensation Module (DCM)

Use to manage dispersion in a long link Very effective, permits trans-oceanic dispersion control Must engineer dispersion management maps
Chromatic dispersion can be managed cost effectively All three mechanisms may be employed to maximize system performance
21

22
Optical Amplification
Tx1 Tx2 Rx1
..
OFA
Amplifier Transmitter
OFA
Amplifier
Rx2
..
TxN
RxN
Receiver
PT Signal Power PR
Compensate for fiber attenuation Boosts the power of the optical signals across a range of wavelengths All optical process, no Optical/Electrical/Optical conversion
Simplicity - fewer components, lower cost, higher reliability

Bit-rate transparent - not dependent on high speed electronics
23
Typical Optical Amplifier

INPUT SIGNAL WDM Pump COUPLER ERBIUM DOPED FIBER OUTPUT SIGNAL
SPLITTER
ISOLATOR
SPLITTER
POWER CONTROL
PUMP LASER
PHOTODETECTOR
Optical Isolators allow light to travel in one direction only

WDM couplers combine the light from the signal and the pump into one
optical fiber
Pump laser usually operate at 980nm but can operate at other wavelengths
such as 1480 nm
24
Energy Levels in Erbium

I 9/2
Non-radiative decay
I 13/2
Pump Absorption
Stimulated emission of signal photons
Spontaneous emission of noise photon
I 15/2
Erbium is a rare earth atom that is introduced into the core (doping) during the fiber fabrication The pump laser energizes the electrons in the Erbium, elevating them into a higher energy state The weak signal photons dislodge these energized electrons A new photon is emitted when the electron moves from the higher energy state to a lower energy state
25
Stimulated Emission
Some ions decay spontaneously producing noise: ASE Other ions interact with signal photons and emit a second photon identical to the signal : GAIN
Signal photon Noise Photon
Stimulated emission excited erbium ion
26
Optical Gain Spectrum

40
35
Bo
Signal ASE Noise
30
25
Gain dB
20
Gain Flattening Filter
15
PASE
10
Blue Band
1530 1535 1540 1545 1550 1555
Red Band
1560 1565 1570
0 1525
Wavelength nm
27
Types of Optical Amplifiers

Post Amp TX. Line Amp Line Amp Line Amp Pre Amp RX.
80 - 140 km
Post Amplifiers: Located at the transmitter Boost the optical signal prior to launching into the system fiber Enables reaches of up to 130-160km between terminals.
Line Amplifiers: Located at a regenerator site Amplify the optical signal as it traverses the link to the receiver Assuming dispersion is not limiting, link loss can be increased by using line amps
Pre Amplifiers: Located at the receive end of the system Provides large optical gain to the incoming signal prior to detection
28
MOR Bi-Directional Operation

OC-192 OC-192 OC-48 OC-192
Line Amplifier
Power/ Pre-Amp
Power/ Pre-Amp
OC-192 OC-192 OC-48 OC-192
Channels 1-4 (EAST)

WDM Coupler WDM Coupler
Channels 1-4 (WEST)
- Two independent Uni-Directional Amplifiers independently configurable

MOR can be software configured as Post/ Pre or Bi Line Amplifier dual Gain Block with 980 nm pump: one pump per gain block each amplifier configuration is optimized for Gain Flatness, Gain Tilt and Noise minimization .
- Ease of line provisioning and in-service monitoring - 16 l ready - Optical Service Channel for remote telemetry and software download. - Fully integrated with the S/DMS TransportNode Product Family
Link performances fully guaranteed on OC-48 and OC-192 Integrated with the S/DMS TransportNode OPC, Network Manager and INA Architectures Reflectometer Tool Analog Maintenance
MOR+ Optical Amplifier

1510nm Optical Service Channel Red Pre-Amp Blue Post-Amp. Gain Stage Red Post-Amp. Blue Pre-Amp Gain Stage Channels 1-8 (EAST)
WDM Coupler
Channels 1-8 (EAST)
16-l Channels 1-8 (WEST)
Mid-stage access DCM optical ADM OCCS
WDM Coupler
16-l
Channels 1-8 (WEST)
Mid-stage access for in-line optical components Distributed dispersion compensation

Dispersion compensation at each amplifier Up to 5 spans on N-DSF at OC-192
Zero-loss wavelength add/drop

Fixed wavelength add/drop between gain sections No impact on span budgets or number of spans
Optical Network ready -> future optical functions

Reconfigurable in-line wavelength routing Low-loss DCM using grating compensation
Optical Service Channel

1625nm OSC (optional)
SONET Traffic
EDFA
SONET Traffic
Add/Drop Optical Service Channel(s) (DCC, DS-1, order-wire)
Optical Service Channel(s)

Reflectometer Tool
EDFA
Reflectometer Tool
Optical Service Channel(s)
Optical Service Channel
Optical Performance Monitoring
Provides DCC access at remote sites 4.86Mb/s channel for orderwire & DS-1 Dual 1510nm/1625nm channels 34dB optical span budget
Optical analog maintenance Channel ID for each wavelength Optical SNR monitoring per channel Reflectometer tool detects link reflections
OPTera 1600G
C band L band
O S C 1
O S C 2
Modular, scalable, upgradeable amplifier architecture

Uni-directional and bi-directional configurations C-band and L-band windows Up to 1.6Tb/s capacity
Why Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier ?

EDFAs provide optical gain of 30 dB or more between 1530 and 1560
nm where fiber exhibit lowest optical losses
They require pump light at shorter wavelength, commonly 980 nm They typically produce signal output powers of 10 - 15 dBm but can
produce much more
They are close to the IDEAL amplifier

No Saturation Crosstalk Low Noise Large Bandwidth
They can be used to boost the power in optical transmitters They can be used in-line over many thousands of km They can be used as pre-amplifiers before the optical receiver They are of simple construction (high Reliability WRT 3R) They can not amplify in the 1310 nm band Gain is not constant over the gain spectrum
33

34
TDM Bandwidth Upgrades

Data Channel (Bit Rate = X)
Tx
T
Data Channel (Bit Rate = 4 X)
optical fiber New Tx/Rx Required
Rx
X
Tx
X
Rx
optical fiber
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) Pack more bits in a given time slot T Traditional method for increasing capacity
Equipment is bit-rate specific: limited upgradability

Physical limitations cap the maximum data rate possible over standard
fiber
35
What is WDM?
Data Channel #1
Optical Fiber
Data Channel #2
Data Channel #3
Data Channel #4
Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) Acts as optical funnel
Channels multiple signals into a common optical fiber

36
Why WDM?
Bandwidth growth using existing electronics Bit rate insensitive:
Permits future TDM upgrades to maximize fiber capacity
Modulation format independent:

Multiple data formats can be transmitted in parallel
Reduces optical fiber use:

Enables capacity growth over existing fibers Reduces costs to lease/deploy additional fibers
Equipment cost sharing:

Multiple data channels can be transmitted over common equipment
All-optical technology
Precursor to all-optical networking
37
Optical Couplers

Multiplex and demultiplex optical channels into and out of a single fiber Passive filters; one port for each WDM channel & common port to fiber plant Monitoring taps, Variable Optical Attenuators for received power adjustment & expansion ports for upgrades may be included
Wavelength multiplexer l1 l2
Tx1 Tx2 Tx3 Tx4 Tx5
Wavelength demultiplexer l1 + l2 l1 l2 Bi-directional

Rx1 Rx2
l1 + l2
Uni-directional
Rx1 Rx2 Rx3 Rx4 Rx5
Tx1 Tx2 TxN Rx1 Rx2
.. ..
RxN Tx1 Tx2
.. ..
..
TxN
l1,l2 ...lN
..
RxN
RxN
l1,l2 ...lN
TxN
38
Uni / Bi-Directional WDM

Bi-Directional WDM
Transmit & receive over one fiber Only 2 fibers for 1+1 / 4-fiber ring
Uni-Directional WDM
Transmit/receive over 2 fibers Four fibers for 1+1 / 4-fiber ring
...
l1 ....
Working Fibre
l1 ....
l1 l8 l1 l8
Working Fibers
l1 l8 l1 l8
...
...
l8
l1 .... Protect Fiber
l8
l1 ....
...
Protect Fibers
l8
l8
Equivalent long term capacity Minimize fiber usage in initial deployment Leverage future technologies
39
Making Dense-WDM Practical

Terminal A
Tx1 Tx2
Intermediate Site
Rx1 Tx1 Rx2 Tx2
Terminal B
Rx1 Rx2
..
..
..
TxN
RxN TxN
..
RxN
Rx1
Rx2
Tx1 Rx1
Tx2 Rx2
Tx1
Tx2
..
..
..
RxN
TxN RxN
..
TxN
All wavelengths must be demultiplexed, amplified, & re-multiplexed. N repeaters required at each intermediate site (N = # of wavelengths) Makes deployment of dense-WDM systems > 2-4 wavelengths too costly for practical applications
40
Optical Amplifiers Enable D-WDM

Terminal A
Tx1 Tx2 TxN
Intermediate Site
Intermediate Site
Terminal B
Rx1
..
OFA
OFA
Rx2 RxN
..
Rx1
Rx2
Tx1
..
OFA
OFA
Tx2
..
RxN
TxN
Amplifies several wavelengths in parallel Provides enabling technology for dense-WDM Bit rate insensitivity permits TDM upgrades High gain increases system reach All-optical operation increases reliability
41
4-l Dense-WDM Cost Model

Traditional Network with Repeaters, no WDM
LTE LTE LTE LTE LTE LTE LTE LTE
Dense-WDM Network with Repeaters

LTE LTE LTE LTE
75% fewer fibers

LTE LTE LTE LTE
Dense-WDM Network with Optical Amplifiers

LTE LTE LTE LTE
75% less equipment

LTE LTE LTE LTE
42
OPTera LH: Global Optical Networking Platform

OC-48/STM16c OC-192/STM64c OC-12/STM4c OC-48/STM16c
Translator
Combiner
l1
Translator
Combiner
2.5 and 10G MUX
l32
2.5 and 10G MUX
Open and integrated Optical Interfaces at 2.5 and 10Gbps Introduction of Optical Transport Platform Dense-WDM: 320Gb/s capacity with 32-l OC-192 Optical Amplifiers: bi-directional multi-wavelength operation Integrated Network Management: SONET & optical layer OAM&P Standards Compliance: ITU wavelengths for DWDM END-TO-END performance guarantees & network management
43
Wavelength Add/Drop Applications

Express
OC-192 D-WDM OC-192 D-WDM OC-192 D-WDM
Fixed l-ADM
OC-192 D-WDM OC-192 D-WDM
OC-192 ADM
OC-192 D-WDM
Local
Local Channel
Local
Applications:
Express & collector traffic carried over same D-WDM network
Overlapping SONET rings over common D-WDM system

Wavelength leasing
44
Express
OC-192 D-WDM
Express Channels
OC-192 D-WDM
Why Dense-WDM?
Advantages: High channel counts permit significant capacity increase
Up to 1.6 Tb/s provided by 160-l of OC-192
Long-range applications possible using optical amplifiers Optical Amplification cost sharing across many channels Incremental capacity growth as required by service demands Bit rate & modulation format insensitive: allows parallel transport
Permits future TDM upgrades to maximize capacity SONET (ie: OC-48, OC-192) and Asynchronous systems (ie: 565Mb/s) Data: Fast Ethernet, FDDI, ESCON, Fiber Channel
Disadvantages Higher cost for optical components

Requires tight wavelength tolerance lasers and optical filters
Non-linear fiber effects need to be managed

Careful engineering required for peak performance
45

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Advanced Optics Internship

Optical Networks Brand Management

All-optical Network Concept

NORTELs Mission in Optical Transmission:

Advanced Optics Internship - Optical Networks Brand Management

HDTV ATM Tele Shop. B-ISDN Virtual Stds ISDN

History of Nortel Leadership

First in-service bidirectional optical line amplifier

Multi-wavelength Optical Repeater

1533 & 1557nm

OC-48 and OC-192

OC-48 and OC-192

Over 1500 units

Over 220 units

Advanced Optics Internship - Optical Networks Brand Management

Optical Market Share

NEC 3% Cisco (Cerent) 1% Other 1%

Fujitsu 21% Lucent 27%

Advanced Optics Internship - Optical Networks Brand Management

Optical Technology Overview

Fiber Optics - Fundamentals

Optical Amplifier Fundamentals

Advanced Optics Internship - Optical Networks Brand Management

Fiber Optic Fundamentals

Advanced Optics Internship - Optical Networks Brand Management

Light Generation and Reception.

Digital electrical signal to be sent

A laser generates light

if only it was that simple!

Single Mode Optical Fiber

Advanced Optics Internship - Optical Networks Brand Management

Refractive index slightly varies with wavelengths (chromatic dispersion) and

Power of the optical signal sent

Sensitivity of the receiver

Attenuation: Frequency Dependence

0.35 dB/km 0.20 dB/km

Optical Transmitter Power

Attenuation & Dispersion

Sensitivity of the receiver

Advanced Optics Internship - Optical Networks Brand Management

Acceptable Pulse Broadening

Excessive Pulse Broadening: Error

Dispersion Characteristics of Fiber

Key Dispersion Parameters of Optical Fiber are;

Advanced Optics Internship - Optical Networks Brand Management

Single Mode Fiber Types

Dispersion Shifted Fiber (DSF)

Non-zero Dispersion Shifted Fiber (NZ-DSF)

Advanced Optics Internship - Optical Networks Brand Management

Typical Distances allowed: 80 to 100Km at 1550nm

Modulation achieved by turning laser on and off

Advanced Optics Internship - Optical Networks Brand Management

Dispersion limits can be extended on Standard Fiber before using DCM:

2 modulator types commonly used:

External Modulation: Mach-Zehnder

Permits sophisticated signal predistortion (pre-compensation)

good for all types of Fibers More costly than Directly

Advanced Optics Internship - Optical Networks Brand Management

Dispersion Compensating Module

DCM must be:

Advanced Optics Internship - Optical Networks Brand Management

Dispersion Compensating Fiber