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Orbital Options
A Geosynchronous satellite (GEO) completes one revolution around the world every 23 hrs and 56 minutes in order to maintain continuous positioning above the earths sub-satellite point on the equator. A medium earth orbit satellite (MEO) requires a constellation of 10 to 18 satellites in order to maintain constant coverage of the earth. A low earth orbit satellite (LEO) offers reduced signal loss since these satellites are 20 to 40 times closer to the earth in their orbits thus allowing for smaller user terminals/antennas.
Challenges of Low-Earth Orbit (LEO) Systems - Larger number of satellites (50 to 70 satellites). Thus higher launch costs to deploy, build, and operate. - Harder to deploy, track and operate. - Shorter in-orbit lifetime due to orbital degradation
Challenges of Medium-Earth Orbit (MEO) Systems More satellites to deploy than GEO (10 to 18 vs. 3 to 4) Ground antennas are generally more expensive and complex because of the need to track satellites.
Components
Bus
Power Subsystem Telemetry and Command Subsystem Attitude and Control Subsystem Propulsion Subsystem
Payload
Communications Subsystem
Transponders
Transponders
The transponder is the brains of the satellite - provides the connection between the satellites receive and transmit antennas. Satellites can have 12 to 96 transponders plus spares, depending on the size of the satellite. A transponder bandwidth can frequently be 36 MHz, 54 MHz, or 72 MHz or it can be even wider. A transponders function is to
Receive the signal, (Signal is one trillion times weaker then when transmitted) Filter out noise, Shift the frequency to a down link frequency (to avoid interference w/uplink) Amplify for retransmission to ground
Frequency Efficiency
The vital resource in satellite communications is spectrum. As the demand for satellite services has grown, the solution has been;
To space satellites closer together, Allocate new spectrum in higher bands, Make satellite transmissions more efficient so that more bits/Hz can be transmitted, and To find ways to re-use allocated spectrum such as through geographic separation into separated cells or beams or through polarization separation
Today the satellites systems transmit more efficiently than ever before but interference is now a bigger problem - there is a basic trade off;
The higher the frequency the more spectrum that is available But, the higher the frequency the more problems with interference from other users terrestrial, unlicensed, etc.
Satellite Frequencies
There are specific frequency ranges used by commercial satellites.
L-band
1.0 2.0 GHz
(MSS)
(FSS, VSAT)
(Military/Satellite Imagery) (FSS, DTH/DBS, VSAT)
X-Band
8.0 12.0 GHz
Ku-band
11.714.5 GHz
Ka-band
(FSS broadband and inter-satellite links) 17.7 - 21.2GHz and 27.5 31 GHz
Batteries latest battery technology is represented by Lithium Ion systems that can provide a greater power density for longer periods of time and survive a greater depth of discharge
GPS/Navigation
Position Location Timing Search and Rescue Mapping Fleet Management Security & Database Access Emergency Services
Remote Sensing
Pipeline Monitoring Infrastructure Planning Forest Fire Prevention Urban Planning Flood and Storm watches Air Pollution Management
Direct-To-Consumer
Broadband IP DTH/DBS Television Digital Audio Radio Interactive Entertainment & Games Video & Data to handhelds
Geo-spatial Services
Applications
Aeronautical Maritime Land
Ground Antennas
The size of the antenna depends on the satellite frequency band used, the data rate, and whether the service is bidirectional or receive only
Higher data rates require larger antennas and/or higher power Higher transmit capability of the satellite allows the antenna size to be reduced The use of spot beams instead of global beams improves VSAT link performance Receive-only antennas can be substantially smaller
VSAT Network
At the Very Small Aperture Terminal a lower performance microwave transceiver and lower gain dish antenna (smaller size) is used. VSAT networks are arranged in a star based topology. Ideal for centralized networks with a central host (Banking institutions with branches all over the country). Use the S-ALOHA and TDMA
VSAT TECHNOLOGY SCDC Single-carrier per Channel FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access
FDMA DAMA Demand Assigned Multiple Access CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
Network HUB
Apartment Buildings
Internet
Branch Offices
Corporate Offices
Residential
Applications of Satellites
1.Broadcast and Multicast of Digital Television & Radio 2.Voice and Telephony Networks 3.Data Communications and the Internet 4.Mobile and Personal Communications 5.Global Positioning System 6.Provision of Synchronisation to CDMA Cellsites
Direct-to-Home Broadcasting
The lastest step in the evolution of the satellite TV network is DTH. After a number of ill-fated ventures during the early 1980s by USCI, COMSAT, CBS, and others, DTH has established its niche in the broadcasting and cable spheres. Sky in the United Kingdom, NHK in Japan, DIRECTV and EchoStar in the United States, Sky Latin America, and STAR TV, Dish TV,Tatasky, in Asia are now established businesses, with other broadcasters following suit. Through its wide-area broadcast capability, a GEO satellite is uniquely situated to deliver the same signal throughout a country or region at an attractive cost per user.
Direct-to-Home Broadcasting
The particular economics of this delivery depend on the following factors:
The size of the receiving antennas:
Smaller antennas are easier to install and maintain and are cheaper to purchase in the first place. They are also less noticeable (something that is desirable in some cultures).
Direct-to-Home Broadcasting
The number of transponders that can be accessed through each antenna (typically 32):
Due to the high power required as well as concerns for single-point failure, DTH operators place more than one satellite in the same orbit position in order to achieve the desired total transponder count. The more channels that are available at the same slot, the more programming choices that the user will have.
The ideal satellite video network delivers its programming to the smallest practical antenna on the ground, has a large number of channels available (200 or more), and permits some means for users to interact with the source of programming. A simple connection to the PSTN or broadband allows services to be ordered directly by the subscriber;
Structure of a content delivery network with reliable file transfer. (Courtesy of Scopus.)
While DARS is a term generally reserved for terrestrial digital radio, the version we are interested in is Satellite delivered Digital Audio Radio Service (S-DARS).
The total end-to-end latency for data transfer results from several components: access lines, equipment processing, uplink and downlink propagation, and data processing in servers.
The system was originally designed for the military, however it has been allowed for commercial use in recent years. GPS enables the user to determine its precise location anywhere on (or above) the Earth, using signals from at least 3 GPS satellites (preferably 4 or more) Four GPS satellite signals are used to compute positions in three dimensions and the time offset in the receiver
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