PERCEPTION

By-Prof.Vandana Kochar
11

 WE DONT SEE THINGS AS THEY ARE, WE SEE THINGS AS WE ARE

22

What is Perception?
A process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment. Peoples behavior is based on their perception of what reality is, not on reality itself.

Perception PPT for PGDM( RM) Organizational Behavior 2010

Perception
What is Perception?
How we view and interpret the events and situations in the world about us. E.g.-Movie

Why is it important?
Because peoples behavior is based on their perception of what reality is, not on reality itself.
44

PERCEPTUAL PROCESS
Input
Organisation Selection Interpretation Response
Covert Overt

55

Factors that Influence Perception

Situational Factors Physical setting Social setting Organisational setting

Perceivers Characteristics Need Experiences Values Attitudes Personality

Perception

Characteristics of the perceived : Nature Size Appearance Location etc.

66

EXTERNAL FACTORS INFLUENCING SELECTION

Nature: It involves pictures, people, or animals. Location: The best location of a visual stimulus is in front of the eyes and centre of page.

Colour: Colour is used to attract attention.

Size: Generally object of larger size attract more attention Some other factors used as external stimulus are Movement, Repetition, and Contrast.
7

Contrast Principle
The Vertical lines are both the same length.

The center circles are both the same size.

88

INTERNAL FACTORS INFLUENCING SELECTION

Learning: People tend to perceive what they want to perceive. E.g. Reading Psychological Needs : Unreal things often look real because of deprived needs. Interest : Perception is Unconsciously influenced by the interest of perceiver.

Ambivalence: A young man may be ambivalent about his fiance's virtues and shortcomings.

Word Color Test

In this test DO NOT READ the words, say aloud the COLOR of each word.

YELLOW BLUE ORANGE BLACK RED GREEN PURPLE YELLOW RED ORANGE GREEN BLACK BLUE RED PURPLE GREEN BLUE ORANGE
10 10

Perceptual Organisation
It is process by which people group stimuli into Recognizable patterns. E.g. Table, Chair.

Ambiguous Figure

11

Figure and ground : This principle states that the relationship of a target to its background influences perception.

E.g. Identification of voice in noise

12 12

Gestalt Approach Figure Ground

13 13

Perceptual Grouping :

Similarity

Proximity

Closure

Symmetry
14 14

What is attribution theory?

Attribution theory aids in perceptual

interpretation by focusing on how people attempt to:

Understand the causes of a certain event. Assess responsibility for the outcomes of the

event. Evaluate the personal qualities of the people involved in the event.

15

Attribution Theory: Judging Others

Causation judged through:

Distinctiveness -Shows different behaviors in different situations. Consensus - Response is the same as others to same situation. Consistency - Responds in the same way over time.

16

Elements of Attribution Theory

17 17

Frequently Used Shortcuts in Judging Others

Selective Perception - People selectively interpret what they see on the basis of their interests, background, experience, and attitudes.

Halo Effect- Drawing a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic.

18

Frequently Used Shortcuts in Judging Others

Contrast Effects - Evaluation of a persons characteristics that are affected by comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics

19

Frequently Used Shortcuts in Judging Others Projection: The tendency to attribute ones own characteristics to other people.

Stereotyping - Judging someone on the basis of ones perception of the group to which that person belongs a prevalent and often useful, if not always accurate, generalization
20

Specific Applications in Organizations:

1. Employment Interview
2. Performance Expectations 3. Performance Evaluation

4. Employee Effort

22