Turbocharging

Turbocharging Internal Combustion Engine

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Outline
Turbocharger Basics Effects of Turbocharging on Engine Performance

Charge air Cooling

Turbocharger Matching Turbocharger Design Basics - Calculations

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Turbocharging Basic Concepts Air Charging

Air charging is to increase air mass to the engine by raising intake manifold air density Increased air mass allows more fuel to be burnt and increase power output Air charging is achieved by pre-compression of intake charge by some type of compressor POWER RATE OF MASS AIR FLOW RATE

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Air Charging Turbo/Super-charging

When the compressor is mechanically driven by the engine, it is called Supercharging

When the compressor is driven by an exhaust driven turbine, it is called Turbocharging

Supercharging
Air flow Speed, not Load Engine Torque tends to be flat Consume engine crankshaft power High pressure superchargers are Bulky

Turbocharging
Air flow Speed & Load Altitude compensation Exhaust gas energy is effectively utilized Runs at high speeds & thus are not Bulky

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Work Available from Ideal Exhaust Process

PP
Exhaust energy convertible to Turbine power = Me x Cpe x T3 x {1 1/(P3/P4)k-1/k}

Available Energy from Exhaust 4

Pa

Pumping Loss

Vcl
TDC BDC V

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Compression Ratio Considerations

Efficiency (Simulated)

Air charging increases intake manifold pressure and temp as well as corresponding peak compression pressure and temp. With increased power, mechanical & thermal stresses increase. These must be addressed by suitable measures, (eg. Design, reducing compression ratio etc.) The efficiency reduction due to compression ratio reduction is, however small.

SI Engine
0.49 0.48 0.47 0.46 0.45 0.44 0.43 0.42 0.41 0.40

10 Compression Ratio

11

12

CI Engine
0.60
Efficiency (Simulated)

0.58 0.56 0.54 0.52 0.50 0.48 0.46

12

14

16 Compression Ratio

18

20

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Density, g/cc

Charge compression increases pressure, temperature and density

Charge Density Effects

0.0030 0.0025 0.0020 0.0015 0.0010 0.0005 0.0000 Ambient Turbo Cooled
Full Cooling E = 0.8

Charge Cooling - HD Diesel

Cooling of Compressed charge termed Charge Cooling reduces temp and further increases density 3
Modern turbocharged engine systems include charge cooling.
2.5
Density Ratio

E = 0.7 E = 0.6

No Cooling

1.5

1 1 1.5
Compressor Pressure Ratio

1.5

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Charge Air temp Effects

Nox g/kWhr 30
NOx g/kW - hr

FC g/kWhr
232 230 228 226 224 222 220 218 216 214

25 20 15 10 5 0 50 70 90 110 130
Charge Air Temp deg C

FC g/kW - hr

BSFC-NOx Trade off

50 deg C 100 deg C 150 deg C

150

24

NOx g/kW hr

20 16 12 8 4 0 200 220 240 260 280 300

BSFC g/kW hr

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Benefits of Turbocharging
Power density can be improved Brake thermal efficiency improvement possible - High IMEP possible with similar FMEP - Improved PMEP (depends on turbocharger efficiency)

Can help optimize for emissions

- Smoke - Noise

Possible to improve torque back up

Built in compensate for reduced air density at altitude