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Oscilloscope's
An oscilloscope can be a priceless price of test equipment used for observation of electrical/electronic wave patterns.
Oscilloscope's
To properly use an oscilloscope you must understand the scale selections. Must automotive oscilloscope will automatically adjust to the proper scale. Its the technician job to interpret the reading and determine if the wave form is normal or defective. Not all devices operate in the same manner please check manufactures specifications before replacing any sensor.
Oscilloscope's
Oscilloscope are used to measure voltage over a period of time. An event that happens over a period of time is called frequency and in measured in Hertz per second.
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V O L T A G E
15 10 5
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5 10 15 1 Second Scale
TIME
Grid lines
15 12.2 filter DC voltage V O L T A G E 4 Volts Peak to Peak AC Voltage 0 5 6 9 volts unfiltered DC voltage
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10
1 Second scale
Oscilloscope's
Filtered voltage: A smooth supply of voltage. Unfiltered voltage: Normally a ripple type wave pattern.
Oscilloscope's
An AC wave form change direction from positive to negative. Peak voltage: is the voltage from the highest positive voltage to the lowest negative voltage reading.
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Oscilloscope's
Frequency: Number of complete cycles per second measured in hertz (Hz). Hertz (Hz): Unit of measurement for frequency. 1 hertz equal 1 cycle per second.
Oscilloscope's
To check frequency you may need some math. Number of grid lines covered for 1 cycle divided by the time scale.
The Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) relies upon information coming in from speed sensors. The wave form produced is used by the ABS control module to determine if wheel lock-up is occurring.
Two ABS wave forms. Both are good the difference is the meter set-up
2
V O L T S C A L E
2 Volts
10 mS
A throttle position is normally produces an analog signal. The throttle position is normally used to tell the PCM the position of the throttle Analog signal: an electrical signal that varies in strength.
Throttle Snapped
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2
1 0 200 mS Time Division Normal Throttle Position Wave Form Most throttle position can be easily seen on the 200 mS scale
5 4 3
Defective TPS
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1 0 200 mS Time Division Normal Throttle Position Wave Form Most throttle position can be easily seen on the 200 mS scale
The voltage output from the internal track of an Air Flow Meter (AFM) should be linear to flap movement, This can be measured on an oscilloscope
The waveform should show approximately 1.0 volt when the engine is at idle, Voltage will rise as engine when engine speed is increased. A peak voltage of around 4.5 is normal due to natural inertia. Voltage will drop and then level off
Normal float back to match air flow Throttle Released Normal falloff caused by inertia
A defective Mass Air Flow will have low voltage or operate erratic at all throttle angles.
A mass air flow angle should change in relation to throttle angle. 5 4 3 2 1 0 250 mS time division
Wave Forms
Another common type wave form is the square wave. Most electronic components are controlled by a computer PCM, BCM, ECM, ECU or a host of other names. When the computer turns on a component it usually completes a ground circuit sometime controlling a relay.
Square Wave
15 10
5
0 Normal Square wave. NOTE: Any wave that is on more than off or off ore than on is called a pulsed wave.
Pulsed Wave
Pulsed waves are used to control several electrical components such as:
Fuel pump Canister solenoids EGR solenoids Wave length: The time required for on complete cycle of a waveform.
Pulsed Wave
. The difference in wave length is caused by circuit demands 20 15 10 5 0 NORMAL PULSE WAVE Wave length
Pulsed Wave
. Voltage did not drop properly
20 15 10 5 0
Most coolant sensors are Negative Temperature Coefficient (NTC) devices. The sensor resistance starts out high around 200 Ohms and drops as engine temperature increases.
T
S
2
1 0 50 100 150 200 50 second scale 250
V O L 5 4 3 Bad CTS erratic voltage pattern Bad CTS sensor or electrical connection disconnected waveform
T
S
2
1 0 50 100 150 200 50 second scale 250
Crankshaft Sensor
This signal should be test when the engine fail to start due to lack ignition. The crankshaft sensor produces an AC voltage that is low while cranking and increases after the engine starts. AC voltage output is critical, low output can prevent an engine from starting.
Crankshaft Sensor
Crankshaft Sensor
Voltage at start-up
Crankshaft Sensor
Crankshaft Sensor
A defective crankshaft sensor will show little or no output on the oscilloscope Proper output voltage is critical.
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.4
Knock Sensor
A knock sensor is used with some management systems, The Knock sensor is a small piezo-electrical device. That produces electricity when vibrated. Knock sensor are used to reduce ignition timing when a spark knock occurs. Usually no more than 10
Knock Sensor
Knock Sensor
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
50 mS scale
Knock Sensor
5 4 3
2
1 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Oscilloscope's
Its important to remember that all electrical wiring will have some type electrical pattern that can be view on an oscilloscope.
Oscilloscope's Quiz
1. Technician A says pattern A is DC voltage. Technician B says Pattern B is DC voltage. Who is correct. A. Technician A only B. Technician B only C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B
Pattern A
Pattern B
Oscilloscope's Quiz
1 Second Scale
Oscilloscope's Quiz
3. Technician A says this pattern is an AC wave form. Technician B says this is DC unfiltered. Who is correct? A. Technician A Only B. Technician B only C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B
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00 11
22
Oscilloscope's Quiz
4. What is peak Negative voltage in this pattern? A. - 1 volt B. - 2 volts C. - 4 volts D. -.25 volts
Oscilloscope's Quiz
5. What is peak to peak voltage in this pattern? A. 1 volt B. 2 volts C. 4 volts D. .25 volts
Oscilloscope's Quiz
Oscilloscope's Quiz
7. Technician A says voltage is measured from point A - B. Technician B says Time is measure from point C-D. Who is correct? A. Technician A only B. Technician B only C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B
Oscilloscope's Quiz
Oscilloscope's Quiz
9. Technician A says the wave form is of a defective TPS (Throttle position sensor) Technician B says the pattern is of a good CTS sensor. Who is correct? A. Technician A only B. Technician B only C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B
5 4 3
2
1 0 50 100 150 200 250 50 Second Scale
Oscilloscope's Quiz
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4