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Presenter: Rizaldi
Module objectives
By
Have knowledge whats behind the flow Recognize and identify parameter, criteria, and proper equation for pipe sizing Get Brief introduction Hydraulic simulation (pipephase as case study)
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Introduction
Proper design and fully accomplish consideration should be taken in order to optimize performance and avoid undesired event
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Fluid Behaviour
Newtonian
Fluid : viscosity is proportional to relative movement rate/shear stress newtonian Fluid : viscosity is not proportional to relative movement rate
Non
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Reynold Number
At
low flowrate pressure drop is proportional to the flowrate, but as flowrate increase until certain points, the relationship between two become nonlinear
Re Re
Re
= .v.D/
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Reynold Number
Flow
a.
b.
Re > 4000 = Turbulence : unstable flow pattern, characterized by high degree of mixing of fluid elements
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Conservation of mass
For
steady state :
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Conservation of momentum
(bernouli eq)
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Conservation of Energy
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liquids :
For
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do we need to know ?
What
Which What
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Phase : Single phase Liquid, Single phase gas, two phase, slurry (not to be discussed). Phase determine the characteristic of fluid and to be consider to derive proper equation
Flowrate : Quantity of the fluid, in volumetric rate or in mass rate.Consider maximum and minimum condition which will happen during operation Process condition : Temperature, Pressure.
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Flowrate
Temperature Fluid Fluid
Elevation
Fittings
Pipe
length
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Critical Parameter
Velocity
(max, min, erosion velocity, sonic velocity, entrainment velocity, noise velocity) drop
Pressure
Select
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Velocity
Limit between certain values to attain economical and safe operation Erosion velocity : Commonly used as parameter for two phase flow, velocity at which erosion or excessive wear on elbows will start to occur identified by equation : C/(m^0.5) Where C = empirical constant, = 100, if continues solid free = 125, for non-continues solid free service
= 150 200, for continues solid free (employing corrosion resistant alloy)
Where m = density of liquid-gas mixture
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Velocity
Noise velocity :
Velocity at which will cause noise above the noise limit (commonly 85 dB - 90dB). API 14 give identification above 60 ft/s
Sonic velocity :
The maximum velocity that a compressible fluid flowing in a pipe of uniform cross-section can achieve is limited by the maximum velocity of pressure wave travel in the pipe, which equivalent to speed of sound. Noise and vibration increase when sonic velocity approached. Can occur in liquid called chocked flow
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Pressure Drop
Items
of pressure Drop :
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equation shall be use for spesific case/phase : a. Single phase liquid flow b. Single phase gas flow c. Two phase flow
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Elevation
loss :
Fitting
Loss :
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Friction
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Where
E = pipe roughness
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Gravity Flow Mechanical Energy Balance : Friction Lost : E = W (V2/2g) (k1 + fL/D + k2)
V = V1 = V2
k1 and k2 are K factors for pipe entrance and exit L is total equivalent pipe length excluding the entrance and exit effect in ft D is pipe diameter in ft d is the liquid density f is Darcy friction factor W equals W1 or W2 A is the pipe cross sectional area in ft2 X is the gravity flow driving force in ft g is gravitational constant, 32.174 ft/sec2
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models :
a. Isothermal
straight pipe loss :
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loss :
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regime :
Horizontal vs Vertical
Horizontal
Vertical
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Flow :
Plug
Flow :
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Flow
Wavy
Flow
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Flow
Slug
Flow
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Drop Calculation :
a. Duikler Taitel
b. Beggs and Brill
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Dukler Taitel
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Taitel Maps
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and Brill
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and Brill
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and Brill
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No. 1 2
Vertical Upw. No No
2) 4)
Downw. No No
2) 4)
Inclined 6 6
3
4a 4b 5 6 7
Dukler-Taitel
Beggs & Brill
Yes
Yes Yes No No
3) 3)
Yes
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
6
4)
Yes Yes No No
Yes Yes No No
Yes
5)
Yes
6 6
8
9 10 11 12a 12b
Mukherjee / Brill
Orkiszewski Gray Hagedorn-Brown HTFS Homogeneous Flow HTFS with Slip
Yes
Yes No No No No
Yes
Yes Yes No
6)
Yes
No No No Yes Yes
Yes
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes
No No No Yes Yes
Yes
No No No Yes Yes
No Yes
13
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
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The Mandhane method is a hybrid horizontal flow correlation, which is a combination of other existing correlations. These are selected based on the flow regime predicted by the Mandhane flow map. This method gives better matching results with test data than any of the methods used on its own. Holdup predictions for the Annular, Annular-mist flow regime, however, are not satisfactory by any of the methods. A new correlation has to be developed.For inclined lines (less than 6 degrees upwards or downwards) the pressure drop is calculated as for horizontal lines. The pressure recovery is calculated using the two-phase density.
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For the calculation of holdup and pressure losses, however, this method can only be used for horizontal and inclined lines up to 10 degrees, upwards and downwards and for vertical lines, in between 70 90 degrees. For all other inclinations, the results have to be treated with care. The liquid holdups are systematically 13% over-predicted. A test facility was made for an 8 line at 75 bar and the results from the field tests were confirmed by the method. The liquid loadings were increased to give other flow regimes than stratified wavy flow. The pressure drop is calculated using the two-phase density for upward and for downward flow, except for stratified downward flow, where the gas density has been used
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This method has been specially developed for large diameter, high-pressure gas / condensate pipelines with low liquid volumes of 1% or less. The pressure-loss
calculation procedure is similar in approach to the Oliemans method, but accounts for the increased interfacial shear resulting from the liquid surface roughness. These correlations appear to give consistently more reliable holdup and pressure drop predictions than the other correlations tested and have been used in the design of several large pipeline and gas gathering systems in the North Sea. Baker Jardine and Associates (BJA) have developed this method from pipeline operating data
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The prediction of flow pattern is based on experimental data on air-kerosene and air-lubricating oil mixtures in a 3.81 cm ID pipe, working at about 8-9 barg. Flow regime maps were drawn for different inclination angles, including horizontal and vertical flow. Different empirical equations for the flow regime transitions are proposed that are functions of inclination angle for both upflow and downflow. In general, the flow regimes and their transition for upflow were similar to those proposed by Duns and Ros for vertical upflow. For downflow, the flow regimes and
transitions conformed more to the Mandhane et. al. type of flow regime map. The stratified flow regime in downflow was bound to be affected appreciable by the angle of inclination. For downhill flows, this method normally overpredicts the pressure drop with 10 40% for 1 to 45 degrees inclined lines. All other pressure drop calculations for other line inclinations are very well matching
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The Orkiszewski method is a hybrid vertical flow correlation, which is a combination of other existing correlations, with the contribution of one himself. Measurements were done on oil wells with oil-gas and oil-water-gas mixtures in 3 8.75 lines. Do not use this method for lines larger than 10. Instead use a 10 diameter pipe and recalculate the loadings, so that the line velocity stays the same. This will give reasonable results
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The Gray method has been especially developed for gas condensate wells, and should not be used for horizontal pipes. The recommended ranges for use are:
Angle of inclination 70 degrees Velocity 15 m/s Pipe diameter 3.5 inches Liquid condensate loading 50 bbl / MMSCF (280 m3/106 Nm3)
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This correlation is not flow regime dependent and basically their calculation method is the extended homogeneous case, assumed for the total pressure gradient . Hagedorn and Browns major contribution is their holdup correlation for vertical flow. They did not measure holdup experimentally, rather they measured the pressure gradient and calculated the holdup necessary for the total pressure gradient to give the observed value. They used a very large amount of data, collected for pipe between 1 and 2 diameter
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both single phase and two phase flow inside pipeline and piping networks and includes standard industrial compositional and noncompositional PVT predictive methods.
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for thermodynamic calculation : Tabular PVT,Black Oil, Compositional methode PVT : user inputs some properties
Tabular
Compositional
: user inputs fluid composition, while phase and properties generated by built-in thermodynamic function. Oil : at minimum, user input API gravities, gas oil ratio, Gas Heating Value, Pressure and temperature to estimate properties
Black
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selected
Heat
Using
source and sink method. Data on one of side shall be completed to run the iteration. arrangements can be modeled
Pipe
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method
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