GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING AND

TOLERANCING
PURPOSE OF CDST PURPOSE OF CDST
>> THE PART PRODUCED AS PER THE ENC!NEER!NC DRAW!NC SHOULD FUNCT!ON AS PER THE THE PART PRODUCED AS PER THE ENC!NEER!NC DRAW!NC SHOULD FUNCT!ON AS PER THE
!NTENDED DES!CN. !NTENDED DES!CN.
>> THE LARCEST ANOUNT OF TOLERANCE SHOULD BE AvA!LABLE TO THE NANUFACTURER THE LARCEST ANOUNT OF TOLERANCE SHOULD BE AvA!LABLE TO THE NANUFACTURER
FOR PRODUC!NC THE PART AT N!N!NUN COST, YET THE PART SHOULD BE FUNCT!ONALLY FOR PRODUC!NC THE PART AT N!N!NUN COST, YET THE PART SHOULD BE FUNCT!ONALLY
ACCEPTABLE. ACCEPTABLE.
RULES OF D!NENS!ON!NC AND TOLERANC!NC RULES OF D!NENS!ON!NC AND TOLERANC!NC
RULE1: ANY D!NENS!ONAL FEATURE NUST HAvE PERFECT F0RN AT NAX!NUN NATER!AL RULE1: ANY D!NENS!ONAL FEATURE NUST HAvE PERFECT F0RN AT NAX!NUN NATER!AL
COND!T!ON. COND!T!ON.
AS THE S!ZE DEPARTS FRON NNC THE FEATURE !S PERN!TTED TO HAvE FORN vAR!AT!ONS. AS THE S!ZE DEPARTS FRON NNC THE FEATURE !S PERN!TTED TO HAvE FORN vAR!AT!ONS.
THERE !S NO REQU!RENENT OF PERFECT FORN AT LNC. THERE !S NO REQU!RENENT OF PERFECT FORN AT LNC.
EXCEPT!ONS TO RULE1: RULE 1 !S NOT APPL!CABLE FOR PARTS THAT ARE SUB]ECT TO FREE EXCEPT!ONS TO RULE1: RULE 1 !S NOT APPL!CABLE FOR PARTS THAT ARE SUB]ECT TO FREE
STATE v!BRAT!ONS( FLEX!BLE PARTS). STATE v!BRAT!ONS( FLEX!BLE PARTS).
RULE 2: RECARDLESS OF FEATURE S!ZE (RFS) !S ASSUNED TO ALL TOLERANCES. NATER!AL RULE 2: RECARDLESS OF FEATURE S!ZE (RFS) !S ASSUNED TO ALL TOLERANCES. NATER!AL
COND!T!ON NOD!F!ERS NNC OR LNC !F APPL!CABLE NUST BE SPEC!F!ED CLEARLY ON COND!T!ON NOD!F!ERS NNC OR LNC !F APPL!CABLE NUST BE SPEC!F!ED CLEARLY ON
DRAW!NC. OTHERW!SE RFS COND!T!ON !S !NPL!ED. DRAW!NC. OTHERW!SE RFS COND!T!ON !S !NPL!ED.
10.25 +/- 0.5
10.25 +/- 0.5
8.5 +/- 0.1
RectanguIar
ToIerance Zone
10.25
10.25
8.5 +/- 0.1
Circular Tolerance
Zone
B
A
C
Coordinate vs Geometric ToIerancing Methods
Coordinate Dimensioning Geometric Dimensioning
RectanguIar ToIerance Zone CircuIar ToIerance Zone
1.4
+/- 0.5
+/- 0.5
57% Larger
Tolerance Zone
Circular Tolerance Zone
RectanguIar ToIerance Zone
Increased Effective ToIerance
1.4 A B C
GD & T COMMON SYMBOLS
GD & T COMMON SYMBOLS
ToIerances of Form
Straightness
FIatness
CircuIarity
CyIindricity
ASME Y14.5M-1994, 6.4.1)
ASME Y14.5M-1994, 6.4.3)
ASME Y14.5M-1994, 6.4.2)
ASME Y14.5M-1994, 6.4.4)
25 +/-0.25
0.1 Tolerance
0.5 Tolerance
Straightness is the condition where an element of a surface or an axis is a straight line
Straightness
0.5 0.1
25.25 max
24.75 min
0.5 Tolerance Zone
0.1 Tolerance Zone
The straightness tolerance is applied in the view where the elements to be controlled are
represented by a straight line
In this example each line element of the surface must lie within a tolerance zone defined by two
parallel lines separated by the specified tolerance value applied to each view. All points on the
surface must lie within the limits of size and the applicable straightness limit.
'rtual Condton = MMC Feature Se + Straghtness Tolerance
In this example the derived median line of the feature's actual local size must lie within a tolerance
zone defined by a cylinder whose diameter is equal to the specified tolerance value at MMC. As
each circular element of the feature departs from MMC, the diameter of the tolerance cylinder is
allowed to increase by an amount equal to the departure from the local MMC size. Each circular
element of the feature must be within the specified limits of size. However, the boundary of perfect
form at MMC can be violated up to the virtual condition diameter.
15
14.85
15.1 Virtual Condition
15
MMC)
0.1 Diameter
Tolerance Zone
0.1 M
15.1 Virtual Condition
14.85
MC)
0.25 Diameter
Tolerance Zone
FIatness
latness is the condition of a surface having all elements in one plane. latness must fall within
the limits of size. The flatness tolerance must be less than the size tolerance.
25 +/-0.25
24.75 min
25.25 max
0.1
0.1 Tolerance Zone
0.1 Tolerance Zone
In this example the entire surface must lie within a tolerance zone defined by two parallel planes
separated by the specified tolerance value. All points on the surface must lie within the limits of size and
the flatness limit.
Circularity is the condition of a surface where all points of the surface intersected by any plane
perpendicular to a common axis are equidistant from that axis. The circularity tolerance must be less than
the size tolerance
9
0
9
0
0.1
CircuIarity (Roundness)
In this example each circular element of the surface must lie within a tolerance zone defined by
two concentric circles separated by the specified tolerance value. All points on the surface must
lie within the limits of size and the circularity limit.
0.1
0.1 Wide Tolerance Zone
CyIindricity
Cylindricity is the condition of a surface of revolution in which all points are equidistant from a
common axis. Cylindricity is a composite control of form which includes circularity roundness),
straightness, and taper of a cylindrical feature.
0.1 Tolerance Zone
MMC
0.1
In this example the entire surface must lie within a tolerance zone defined by two concentric cylinders
separated by the specified tolerance value. All points on the surface must lie within the limits of size
and the cylindricity limit.
ToIerances of Orientation
AnguIarity
ASME Y14.5M-1994 ,6.6.2)
PerpendicuIarity
ASME Y14.5M-1994 ,6.6.4)
ParaIIeIism
ASME Y14.5M-1994, 6.6.4)
AnguIarity
eature Surface to Datum Surface)
Angularity is the condition of the planar feature surface at a specified angle other than 90 degrees)
to the datum reference plane, within the specified tolerance zone.
A
20 +/-0.5
30
o
A
19.5 min
0.3 Wide
Tolerance
Zone
30
o
A
20.5 max
0.3 Wide
Tolerance
Zone
30
o
The tolerance one n ths example s defned by two parallel planes orented at the
specfed angle to the datum reference plane.
0.3 A
Angularity is the condition of the feature axis at a specified angle other than 90 degrees) to the
datum reference plane, within the specified tolerance zone.
A
0.3 A
A
60
o
The tolerance one n ths example s defned by a cylnder equal to the length of the
feature, orented at the specfed angle to the datum reference plane.
0.3 Circular
Tolerance Zone
0.3 Circular
Tolerance Zone
eature Axis to Datum Surface)
NOTE: Tolerance apples to
feature at RFS
0.3 Circular
Tolerance Zone
NOTE: Tolerance
apples to feature at
RFS
Angularity is the condition of the feature axis at a specified angle other than
90 degrees) to the datum reference axis, within the specified tolerance zone.
0.3 Circular
Tolerance Zone
A
Datum Axis A
The tolerance one n ths example s defned by a cylnder equal to the
length of the feature, orented at the specfed angle to the datum
reference axs.
NOTE: Feature axs must le wthn
tolerance one cylnder
0.3 A
o
45
eature Axis to Datum Axis)
0.3 A
A
0.3 Wide
Tolerance Zone
A A
Perpendicularity is the condition of the planar feature surface at a right angle
to the datum reference plane, within the specified tolerance zone.
PerpendicuIarity eature Surface to Datum Surface)
0.3 Wide
Tolerance Zone
The tolerance one n ths example s defned by two parallel
planes orented perpendcular to the datum reference plane.
eature Axis to Datum Surface)
C
Perpendicularity is the condition of the feature axis at a right angle to the datum
reference plane, within the specified tolerance zone.
0.3 C
0.3 Circular
Tolerance Zone
0.3 Diameter
Tolerance Zone
0.3 Circular
Tolerance Zone
NOTE: Tolerance apples
to feature at RFS
The tolerance one n ths example s defned by a cylnder equal to the
length of the feature, orented perpendcular to the datum reference
plane.
eature Axis to Datum Axis)
NOTE: Tolerance apples
to feature at RFS
The tolerance one n ths example s defned by two parallel
planes orented perpendcular to the datum reference axs.
Perpendicularity is the condition of the feature axis at a right angle to the datum reference axis,
within the specified tolerance zone.
0.3 Wide
Tolerance Zone
A
Datum Axis A
0.3 A
25.5 max
Parallelism is the condition of the planar feature surface equidistant at all points
from the datum reference plane, within the specified tolerance zone.
ParaIIeIism eature Surface to Datum Surface)
The tolerance one n ths example s defned by two parallel
planes orented parallel to the datum reference plane.
0.3 A
A
25 +/-0.5
0.3 Wide Tolerance Zone
A
24.5 min
0.3 Wide Tolerance Zone
A
eature Axis to Datum Surface)
A
0.3 Wide
Tolerance Zone
0.3 A
A
NOTE: The specfed tolerance does not
apply to the orentaton of the feature axs
n ths drecton
Parallelism is the condition of the feature axis equidistant along its length from
the datum reference plane, within the specified tolerance zone.
The tolerance one n ths example s defned by two parallel
planes orented parallel to the datum reference plane.
NOTE: Tolerance apples
to feature at RFS
eature Axis to Datum Surfaces)
A
B
A
B
0.3 Circular
Tolerance Zone
0.3 Circular
Tolerance Zone
0.3 Circular
Tolerance Zone
Parallelism is the condition of the feature axis equidistant along its length from
the two datum reference planes, within the specified tolerance zone.
The tolerance one n ths example s defned by a cylnder equal to the length
of the feature, orented parallel to the datum reference planes.
NOTE: Tolerance apples
to feature at RFS
0.3 A B
eature Axis to Datum Axis)
Parallelism is the condition of the feature axis equidistant along its length from the
datum reference axis, within the specified tolerance zone.
A
0.1 A
0.1 Circular
Tolerance Zone
0.1 Circular
Tolerance Zone
Datum Axis A
The tolerance one n ths example s
defned by a cylnder equal to the length
of the feature, orented parallel to the
datum reference axs.
NOTE: Tolerance apples
to feature at RFS
ToIerances of Runout
TotaI Runout
ASME Y14.5M-1994 ,6.7.1.2.2)
CircuIar Runout
ASME Y14.5M-1994 ,6.7.1.2.2)
0
+
-
ull ndicator
Movement
Maximum Minimum
Total
Tolerance
Maximum
Reading
Minimum
Reading
ull Part
Rotation
Measuring position #1
circular element #1)
CircuIar Runout
When measuring circular runout, the indicator must be reset to zero at each measuring position along the
feature surface. Each individual circular element of the surface is independently allowed the full specified
tolerance. n this example, circular runout can be used to detect 2-dimensional wobble orientation) and
waviness form), but not 3-dimensional characteristics such as surface profile overall form) or surface wobble
overall orientation).
Measuring position #2
circular element #2)
Circular runout can only be applied
on an RS basis and cannot be
modified to MMC or MC.
o
360 Part Rotation
50 +/- 2
o o
s Shown
on Drawng
Means Ths:
Datum axis A
Single circular
element
Angled Surface to Datum Axis)
0.75 A
A
50 +/-0.25
0
+
-
NOTE: Crcular runout n ths example only controls the 2-
dmensonal crcular elements (crcularty and coaxalty) of the
angled feature surface not the entre angled feature surface
ull ndicator
Movement

)
The tolerance one for any nd;dual crcular
element s equal to the total allowable mo;ement
of a dal ndcator fxed n a poston normal to the
true geometrc shape of the feature surface when
the part s rotated 360 degrees about the datum
axs. The tolerance lmt s appled ndependently
to each nd;dual measurng poston along the
feature surface.
Allowable indicator
reading = 0.75 max.
When measuring circular
runout, the indicator must
be reset when
repositioned along the
feature surface.
Collet or Chuck
s Shown
on Drawng
50 +/-0.25
0.75 A
Surface Perpendicular to Datum Axis)
o
360
Part
Rotation
0
+
-
Datum axis A
Single circular
element
NOTE: Crcular runout n ths example wll only control
;araton n the 2-dmensonal crcular elements of the planar
surface (wobble and wa;ness) not the entre feature surface
The tolerance one for any nd;dual crcular element s equal
to the total allowable mo;ement of a dal ndcator fxed n a
poston normal to the true geometrc shape of the feature
surface when the part s rotated 360 degrees about the datum
axs. The tolerance lmt s appled ndependently to each
nd;dual measurng poston along the feature surface.
Means Ths:
Allowable indicator
reading = 0.75 max.
When measuring circular runout, the indicator
must be reset when repositioned along the
feature surface.
A
0
+
-
Allowable indicator
reading = 0.75 max.
Single circular
element
o
360 Part
Rotation
Means Ths:
s Shown
on Drawng
50 +/-0.25
0.75 A
Datum axis
A
When measuring circular runout, the indicator
must be reset when repositioned along the
feature surface.
Surface Coaxial to Datum Axis)
The tolerance one for any nd;dual crcular element s equal to the total
allowable mo;ement of a dal ndcator fxed n a poston normal to the
true geometrc shape of the feature surface when the part s rotated 360
degrees about the datum axs. The tolerance lmt s appled ndependently
to each nd;dual measurng poston along the feature surface.
NOTE: Crcular runout n ths example wll only control
;araton n the 2-dmensonal crcular elements of the
surface (crcularty and coaxalty) not the entre feature
surface
A
0
+
-
Allowable indicator
reading = 0.75 max.
Single circular element
o
360 Part
Rotation
Means Ths:
s Shown
on Drawng
0.75 A-B
Datum axis A-B
When measuring circular runout, the indicator must be reset
when repositioned along the feature surface.
Surface Coaxial to Datum Axis)
The tolerance one for any nd;dual crcular element s equal to the total
allowable mo;ement of a dal ndcator fxed n a poston normal to the
true geometrc shape of the feature surface when the part s rotated 360
degrees about the datum axs. The tolerance lmt s appled ndependently
to each nd;dual measurng poston along the feature surface.
NOTE: Crcular runout n ths example wll only control ;araton n the
2-dmensonal crcular elements of the surface (crcularty and
coaxalty) not the entre feature surface
Machine
center
Machine center
B
A
s Shown
on Drawng
50 +/-0.25
Surface Related to Datum Surface and Axis)
o
360 Part
Rotation
0
+
-
Datum axis B
Single circular
element
The tolerance one for any nd;dual crcular element s equal to the total allowable
mo;ement of a dal ndcator fxed n a poston normal to the true geometrc shape of
the feature surface when the part s located aganst the datum surface and rotated
360 degrees about the datum axs. The tolerance lmt s appled ndependently to
each nd;dual measurng poston along the feature surface.
Means Ths:
A
Allowable indicator
reading = 0.75 max.
When measuring circular
runout, the indicator must be
reset when repositioned along
the feature surface.
Collet or Chuck
Stop collar
0.75 A B
Datum plane A
B
0
+
ull ndicator
Movement
Total Tolerance
Maximu
m
Reading
Minimu
m
Reading
ull Part
Rotation
-
0
+
-
TotaI Runout
Maximum Minimum
hen measuring total runout, the indicator is moved in a straight line along the feature surface while the part is rotated about
the datum axis. It is also acceptable to measure total runout by evaluating an appropriate number of individual circular
elements along the surface while the part is rotated about the datum axis. Because the tolerance value is applied to the entire
surface, the indicator must not be reset to zero when moved to each measuring position. In this example, total runout can be
used to measure surface profile (overall form) and surface wobble (overall orientation).
ndicator
Path
Total runout can only be applied on an RFS basis
and cannot be modified to MMC or LMC.
ull Part
Rotation
50 +/- 2
o o
s Shown
on Drawng
A
50 +/-0.25
Means Ths:
Datum axis A
0
+
-
The tolerance one for the entre angled surface s equal to the total allowable
mo;ement of a dal ndcator postoned normal to the true geometrc shape of
the feature surface when the part s rotated about the datum axs and the
ndcator s mo;ed along the entre length of the feature surface.
0
+
-
NOTE: Unle crcular runout, the use of total runout wll pro;de 3-
dmensonal composte control of the cumulat;e ;aratons of
crcularty, coaxalty, angularty, taper and profle of the angled surface
Angled Surface to Datum Axis)
Collet or Chuck
When measuring total runout, the
indicator must not be reset when
repositioned along the feature surface.
applies to the entire feature surface)
Allowable indicator reading = 0.75 max.
0.75 A
0
+
-
Surface Perpendicular to Datum Axis)
s Shown
on Drawng
A
50 +/-0.25
0.75 A
35
10
0
+
-
Datum axis A
ull Part
Rotation
35
10
Means This:
NOTE: The use of total runout n ths example wll pro;de composte
control of the cumulat;e ;aratons of perpendcularty (wobble) and
flatness (conca;ty or con;exty) of the feature surface.
The toIerance zone for the portion of the feature surface indicated is equaI to the
totaI aIIowabIe movement of a diaI indicator positioned normaI to the true
geometric shape of the feature surface when the part is rotated about the datum
axis and the indicator is moved aIong the portion of the feature surface within the
area described by the basic dimensions.
When measuring total runout, the indicator
must not be reset when repositioned along
the feature surface.
applies to portion of feature surface indicated)
Allowable indicator reading = 0.75 max.
ToIerances of Location
True Position
ASME Y14.5M-1994, 5.2)
Concentricity
ASME Y14.5M-1994, 5.12)
Symmetry
ASME Y14.5M-1994, 5.13)
Bi-directionaI True Position
35 10
10
A
C
B
1.5 A B C
0.5 A B C 2X
2X
10 35
1.5 Wide
Tolerance
Zone
0.5 Wide Tolerance Zone
True Position Related
to Datum Reference rame
10
B
C
Each axis must lie within the 1.5 X 0.5
rectangular tolerance zone basically
located to the datum reference frame
As Shown
on Drawing
Means This:
2X 6 +/-0.25
RectanguIar Coordinate Method
35 10
10
A
C
B
10 35
1.5 Wide
Tolerance
Zone
0.5 Wide
Tolerance Zone
True Position Related
to Datum Reference rame
10
B
C
Each axis must lie within the 1.5 X 0.5 rectangular tolerance zone
basically located to the datum reference frame
s Shown
on Drawng
Means This:
2X 6 +/-0.25
1.5 A B C
0.5 A B
MuItipIe SingIe-Segment Method
35
10
10
A
C
B As Shown
on Drawing
Means This:
1.5 A B C
0.5 A B C
BOUNDARY
BOUNDARY
10
35
10
B
C
2X 13 +/-0.25
2X 6 +/-0.25
12.75 MMC width of slot
-1.50 Position tolerance
11.25 Maximum boundary
Both holes must be within the size limits and no
portion of their surfaces may lie within the area
described by the 11.25 x 5.25 maximum
boundaries when the part is positioned with
respect to the datum reference frame. The
boundary concept can only be applied on an
MMC basis.
o
90
True position boundary related
to datum reference frame
A
NoncyIindricaI Features (Boundary Concept)
M
M
5.75 MMC length of slot
-0.50 Position tolerance
5.25 maximum boundary
Composite True Position
35 10
10
A
C
B
10 35
True Position Related
to Datum Reference
rame
10
B
C
Each axis must lie within each tolerance zone simultaneously
As Shown
on Drawing
2X 6 +/-0.25
1.5 A B C
0.5 A
0.5 eature-Relating
Tolerance Zone Cylinder
1.5 Pattern-ocating
Tolerance Zone Cylinder
pattern Iocation relative
to Datums A, B, and C
pattern orientation relative to
Datum A only perpendicularity)
Without Pattern Orientation ControI
With Pattern Orientation ControI
35 10
10
A
C
B
10 35
True Position Related
to Datum Reference
rame
10
B
C
Each axis must lie within each tolerance zone simultaneously
As Shown
on Drawing
2X 6 +/-0.25
0.5 eature-Relating
Tolerance Zone Cylinder
1.5 Pattern-ocating
Tolerance Zone Cylinder
pattern Iocation relative
to Datums A, B, and C
pattern orientation relative to
Datums A and B
1.5 A B C
0.5 A B
Location (Concentricity)
A
15.95
15.90
As Shown on Drawing
Derived Median Points of
Diametrically Opposed Elements
Axis of Datum
eature A
Within the limits of size and regardless of feature size, all median points of diametrically
opposed elements must lie within a 0.5 cylindrical tolerance zone. The axis of the
tolerance zone coincides with the axis of datum feature A. Concentricity can only be applied
on an RS basis.
0.5 A
6.35 +/- 0.05
0.5 Coaxial
Tolerance Zone
Datum eatures at RS
Location (Symmetry)
A
15.95
15.90
0.5 A
6.35 +/- 0.05
Derived Median Points
Center Plane of
Datum eature A
0.5 Wide
Tolerance Zone
Within the limits of size and regardless of feature size, all median points of
opposed elements must lie between two parallel planes equally disposed about
datum plane A, 0.5 apart. Symmetry can only be applied on an RS basis.
As Shown on Drawing
Datum eatures at RS
ToIerances of ProfiIe
ProfiIe of a Line
ASME Y14.5M-1994, 6.5.2b)
ProfiIe of a Surface
ASME Y14.5M-1994, 6.5.2a)
PROFILE TOLERANCE

PROFILE TOLERANCE MAY BE USED FOR A WIDE VARIETY OF CONTROLS.
FOR EXAMPLE, TO CONTROL
O FORM
O ORIENTATION AND
O LOCATION
OFTEN USED WHEN NO OTHER TOLERANCE CONTROL IS APPROPRIATE..

TWO DIFFERENT TYPES OF PROFILE TOLERANCES ARE SPECIFIED.

O LINE PROFILE
O SURFACE PROFILE.
BOTH PROFILE TOLERANCES ARE APPLIED AT RFS ONLY. NO MMC OR LMC
ARE APPLICABLE FOR PROFILE TOLERANCES.
Composite ProfiIe of Two CopIanar Surfaces w/o
Orientation Refinement
A
25
A 0.5
0.1
25.25
24.75
0.1 Wide Tolerance
Zone
A
orm
Only
ocation &
Orientation
orm & Orientation
Composite ProfiIe of Two CopIanar Surfaces With Orientation
Refinement
0.1 Wide Tolerance Zone
0.1 Wide Tolerance Zone
25.25
24.75
A
A
A
25
A 0.5
A 0.1
ocation
THANK YOU