Application of AI in Robotics and its opportunities in India: Researches in BARC

PRESENTERS
Anup Sharma Third Year B.Sc. Student, Department of Computer Science. Vivekananda Education Societys College of Arts, Science and Commerce. Chembur, Mumbai 400071. India. Email:anups.mailme@gm ail.com Mrunali Parab Third Year B.Sc. Student, Department of Computer Science. Vivekananda Education Societys College of Arts, Science and Commerce.Chembur, Mumbai - 400071. India. Email:mrunal25_p@yaho o.co.in

INTRODUCTION
Artificial intelligence is a theory. The base object is the agent who is the "actor". It is realized in software. Robots are manufactured as hardware. The connection between those two is that the control of the robot is a software agent that reads data from the sensors decides what to do next and then directs the effectors to act in the physical world. In addition, it is possible to characterize them as disruptive, enabling and interdisciplinary.

DEFINITION
Robotics
The science of extending human motor capabilities with machines.

AI
The study and design of intelligent agents where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chances of success. John McCarthy, who coined the term in 1956, defines it as "the science and engineering of making intelligent machines.

RESEARCH AREAS
The emergence of ANNs reflects an underlying paradigm change within the AI research community and, as a result, such systems have undeniably received much attention of late. However, regardless of their success in creating interest, the fact remains that ANNs have not nearly been able to replace symbolic AI. AI researchers have a variety of learning methods at their disposal. However, as alluded to above, ANNs represent one of the most promising of these. There are many advantages of ANNs and advances in this field will increase their popularity. They are trained rather than programmed.

RESEARCH AREAS (Cont)

They learn to evolve to their environment, beyond the care and attention of their creator . They have an ability to classify and recognize patterns and to handle abnormal input data, a characteristic very important for systems that handle a wide range of data. Hence, they are best used when the results of a model are more important than understanding how the model works. These systems are often used in stock market analysis, fingerprint identification, character recognition, speech recognition, and scientific analysis of data.

 An algorithm is defined as a detailed sequence of actions to perform to accomplish some task. One branch of algorithm theory, genetic programming, is currently receiving much attention. This is a technique for getting software to solve a task by mating random programs and selecting the fittest in millions of generations. Genetic algorithms use natural selection, mutating and crossbreeding within a pool of sub-optimal scenarios. Better solutions live and worse ones die allowing the program to discover the best option without trying every possible combination along the way.

ALGORITHMS AND GENETIC PROGRAMMING

APPLICATIONS
A. Intelligent simulation systems An Intelligent Simulation System (ISS) may be generated to learn more about the behavior of an original system, when the original system is not available for manipulation. The original system may not be available because of cost or safety reasons, or it may not be built yet and the purpose of learning about it is to design it better.

APPLICATIONS (Cont)
An ISS might be employed for training purposes in anticipation of dangerous situations, when the cost of real-world training is prohibitive. B. Intelligent information resources Intelligent systems must be able to provide including visual and audio data, in addition to commonplace structured databases. One development in this area that is receiving much attention is data mining, the extraction of general regularities from online data.

APPLICATIONS (Cont)
C. Sensors Sensors are the perceptual interface between robots. There are two types of sensors: Passive sensors capture signals that are generated by other sources in the environment .eg cameras Active sensors emit energy into the environment. eg. sonar, radar, laser.

APPLICATIONS (Cont)
D. Effectors
Effectors are the means by which robots manipulate the environment, move and change the shape of their bodies. To understand the ability of a robot to interact with the physical world we will use the abstract concept of a degree of freedom (DOF).

APPLICATIONS IN VARIOUS FIELDS Computer Science

Toys and games Music Aviation Finance Heavy industry News and publishing

DEFENCE
Indian Armys futuristic technology requirements are covered in following points: Imagery Interpretation. Image interpretation for target identification and classification. Artificial Intelligence techniques could automate the extraction of low-level map features from imagery. Expert Systems. Expert systems for diagnosis and maintenance of sophisticated weapon systems such as radars and missiles. Intelligent Evaluation of Kill Zone. Missile target range and trajectory analysis for evaluation of kill zones and launch time and simulation to assist in qualifying missile performance in various environments.

ROBOTICS
Robotic applications for the Indian Army are as under: Robots can be used to assist troops in combat for tasks such as surveillance, reconnaissance, anti mine and anti IED role, urban area combat, casualty extraction etc. Robotic equipment can be used to provide precision targeting support, carriage of ammunition and accuracy. Camera equipped and shock-resistant platforms to fire the guns remotely are possible applications. Robotic vehicles equipped with cameras and weapons can be used to perform tasks such as limited / spot surveillance and reconnaissance etc. Robotic Military Vehicles. These vehicles are required for a variety of high risk jobs such as mine / IED clearance, obstacle breaching and route opening. Man portable, light weight robotic systems would be required for reconnaissance, surveillance and target acquisition missions for sub-terrain/ urban operations. Robotic vehicles are also needed for mine detection/clearing, obstacles breaching, clearing wire obstacles, placing explosives, tactical deception, direct fire and communication relay.

MEDICINE
Expenses incurred by the Indian government on healthcare are the highest amongst developing countries. Indias expense on healthcare sector comprises 5.25% of the GDP. By handling control of surgical instruments through robots and positioning Surgeons at comfortable console with 3D or high resolution display at up to 20 times magnification, surgery of vital organs can be accomplished with precision and accuracy, minimizing damage to tissues or loss of blood. Computer interfacing allows for remote control surgery, for precise manipulations by downscaling the surgeons motions. Surgeons around the world are using sophisticated robots to perform surgical procedures.

AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY
ARAI is currently working on AI-based Engine Control Unit (ECU) something that will provide more safety on Indian roads. ECUs with specific functions can be set up and can address security concerns of the drivers and passengers.

COMMUNICATION INDUSTRY
IBM has reportedly started a worldwide initiative to develop artificially intelligent mobile interfaces, which could collect data based on user behavior and skill level. Considering the huge scope for mobile market growth in India, IBM has decided to start the pilot project at the India Research Lab with a budget of $100 million and a time span of 5 years.

BEGINNING OF RESEARCH WORK IN AI AND ROBOTICS IN INDIA

Work in Artificial Intelligence began in India in the early 1980's. The Management Information Systems (MIS) Group at the Indian Institute of Management, Calcutta has been actively involved in Artificial Intelligence (AI) research since the early 1980s. The AI work in India got a significant boost with the UNDP funded Knowledge Based Computing Systems (KBCS) project. Under the umbrella of the Computer Society of India (CSI), India's national body of IT professionals, a Special Interest Group in AI (SIGAI) has been formed recently, to consolidate the AI activities going on in the country. It will provide a forum for the interaction amongst the researchers.

BEGINNING OF RESEARCH WORK IN AI AND ROBOTICS IN INDIA (Cont)

The Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics (CAIR) is a laboratory of the Defence Research & Development Organization (DRDO). Located in Bangalore, Karnataka, involved in the Research & Development of high quality Secure Communication, Command and Control, and Intelligent Systems. CAIR is the primary laboratory for R&D in different areas of Defence Information and Communication Technology (ICT).

RESEARCH WORK BY BHABHA ATOMIC RESEARCH CENTRE,MUMBAI

Three projects that were in progress in 2006: 1. Laser based Mobile Robot Navigation & Mapping 2. Mobile robot navigation in outdoor environment with 3D laser range finder and panoramic camera. 3. Force sensing and control in robot manipulation Some significant past projects executed: 1. Development of a motion planner for an in-house 4-axes robot (1991-93) 2. Robot learning of obstacle avoidance and goal following behavior using recurrent neural net (1994-96) 3. Development of a mobile robot and its navigation software for simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) (20022005).

RESEARCH WORK BY BHABHA ATOMIC RESEARCH CENTRE,MUMBAI (Cont)

Most recent 3-5 publications: 1. "Sonar-based mobile robot navigation through supervised learning on a neural net", Autonomous Robots 3, pp. 355-374, 1996. 2. "Gait Optimization through Search", The International Journal of Robotics Research, Vol.19, No.4, April 2000, pp. 394-408. 3. "Sensor based mobile robot navigation through curvature activation and context switching", National Conference on Advanced Manufacturing & Robotics, Durgapur, Jan 15-16, 2004.

CONCLUSION
The upshot of all this has been the fields struggle to attract funding in the past and it is likely that this trend will continue for some time into the foreseeable future. The real innovation stems from the process of bringing individuals from traditionally separate disciplines together. Robotic technology will definitely grow and encompass a huge range of surgical procedures, particularly in urology. There is tremendous scope for industry to participate in the development and production of systems and technologies for the Indian Army.

[1]http://www.ipedr.net/vol6/22-A10017.pdf [2]http://www.ciidefence.com/pdf/Future_Technology_Requirements_o f_the%20Indian_Army.pdf [3]http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/25jun2010/1553.pdf [4]http://sigai.cdacmumbai.in/files/AI_India_compilation.pdf [5]http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/labs/CAIR/English/index.jsp?pg=achieve.jsp [6]http://www.thinkdigit.com/Mobiles-PDAs/IBM-to-build-AI-mobileinterfaces-at_5191.html Posted on: Aug 09, 2010 18:45:43 IST [7]http://www.managementparadise.com/forums/articles/6846-aiartificial-intelligence-india.html [8]http://www.indianexpress.com/news/now-artificial-intelligencemade-in-india/412129/ Posted: Sun Jan 18 2009, 02:02 hrs [9]http://post.jagran.com/barc-develops-roboticsbased-automatedvehicle-for-industry-1316008078

REFERENCES

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