LTE Technical Principles

LTE Technical Principles
Agenda
1. LTE/LTE-A Requirements 2. E-UTRAN Architecture 3. LTE Physical Layer functionalities 4. LTE Higher Layer protocol stacks 5. LTE A Technologies
LTE/LTE-A Requirements
3 | Titre de la prsentation | Mois 2008
Alcatel-Lucent 2008, d.r., XXXXX
LTE Design Objective Provide significantly improved power, bandwidth efficiencies, and delay in e-UTRA
User-plane latency: < 5 ms one way (UE to Core Network) Control-plane latency: < 100ms (camped to active), < 50ms (dormant to active)
Facilitate the convergence with other networks/technologies Reduce transport network cost packet switching system Downlink
100 Mbps peak data rate in 20 MHz
2x2 MIMO
Uplink
50 Mbps peak data rate in 20 MHz
Assumes one Tx antenna
User throughput
3-4x HSDPA (average) 2-3x HSDPA (5% CDF)
User throughput
2-3x E-DCH (average) 2-3x E-DCH (5% CDF)
Spectral Efficiency
3-4x HSDPA
Spectral Efficiency
2-3x E-DCH
LTE/LTE-A Target Performance

Item Peak Data Rate DL
> 100Mbps (5 bps/Hz)
326.4Mbps(4 layer) 172.8 Mbps(2 layer) 86.4 Mbps (64QAM) 57.6 Mbps (16QAM)
LTE Requirement
LTE Results
LTE-A Requirement
1 Gbps (30 bps/Hz) 500 Mbps (15 bps/Hz)
UL
> 50Mbps (2.5 bps/Hz)
Latency C-plane
Idle Active < 100msec 51.25 ms + 3 * S1 delay Dormant (DRX) Active < 50msec Much shorter than < 10 ms 51.25 ms < 5msec 4 ms
< 50 ms
U-plane
< 5 msec (better than LTE)
Delay Budget to achieve 5 ms in UTRA
UE
1ms
TTI + frame alignment 00 ms . 0
eNB S1 -U
1ms
Ts1 ms u
aGW
11ms .
HARQ RTT 1 ms .1
1ms
11 ms . 1
1ms
Ts1 ms u
11ms .
U-plane latency components in LTE
Average Throughput/Edge Throughput/VoIP Capacity

Items Average Spectrum Efficiency Cell Edge Spectrum Efficiency DL UL LTE Requirement Evaluation results 3-4 UTRA (0.53 bps/Hz ) 3-4 UTRA (0.332 bps/Hz) 2-3 UTRA (0.02 bps/Hz) 2-3 UTRA (0.009 bps/Hz) 1.56 2.67 bps/Hz 0.68 1.03 bps/Hz LTE-A Requirements
3.5 bps/Hz
1.7 bps/Hz
DL
0.04 0.08 bps/Hz
0.06-0.1 bps/Hz
UL
0.01-0.052 bps/Hz
0.035-0.6 bps/Hz
VoIP
300 per 5 MHz
Coverage
LTE Target/Requirement
Evaluation results
LTE-A Requirments
Same as LTE
User throughput and spectrum Same or somewhat lower efficiency should be met the than that in ISD of 1732 m target in up to 5 km cell range
Support of very large cell
Support for an adjustable Same as LTE random-access-burst length for large cell
Enhanced MBMS and Network Synchronization
Item
LTE Requirement
Evaluation results
LTE-A Requirements
Enhanced MBMS
1 bps/Hz in an urban orD1 3.13 bps/Hz (1619 ISD) suburban environment

D2 3.02 bps/Hz (2310 ISD) D3 0.99 bps/Hz (1619 ISD) D4 3.18 bps/Hz (4375 ISD)
Better than LTE
Network Synchronization
Inter-site time The benefits of Same as R-8 LTE synchronization should synchronised system is be supported provided clarified these bring sufficient benefits
E-UTRAN Architecture
E-UTRA Architecture Objectives for the architecture evolution - Develop a System Tailored to deliver broadband and real time Packet Switched services
Reduced latency compared with the current UMTS system. Fast state transition between dormant and connected mode Reduce signalling and call set up time Simplify system deployment and operation & maintenance plug & play Competitive with other emerging technologies
Flat-IP Architecture for e-UTRA

Scalability to support the high data rates required for LTE No single point of failure and load sharing and redistribution capabilities Reduced number of nodes for lower transport delay Backhaul costs should be minimized Simplicity in supporting system plug & play
Outlook of E-UTRA Architecture Evolution
GGSN
aGW GSN, MM, SM? HSS interface, UE temp ID Security keys Encryptio n Header compress ion S1
SGSN MM, SM, HSS interface, UE temp ID, Security keys CN RAN RNC RRC, Encryption, Header Compression, Cell control UMTS NodeB Scheduling, HARQ Iu
Principal decisions: - No geographical association of upper nodes (removes single point of failure) - Security termination is in the upper Node
LTE eNB RRC, Cell control, Scheduling, HARQ
UMTS Architecture
LTE Architecture
LTE Network architecture

GERAN
Gb Iu
SGSN
GPRS Core
PCRF
S1 Rx+
UTRAN
S1 S1 a S1 S1 b
SAE Anchor
HSS
S1 SGi
Evolved RAN
S1
MME UPE
1 GPP Anchor
IASA
Evolved Packet Core
Op. IP Serv. (IMS, PSS, etc)
S1
S1
non 1 GPP IP Access
WLAN 1 GPP IP Access
* Color codi ng: red indicates new functional element / interface
Evolved Packet System (EPS) Architecture: Goals

The goal of the System Architecture Evolution (SAE) effort in 3GPP is to develop a framework for the evolution and migration of current systems to a system which supports the following:
high data rates low latency packet-optimized (all IP network) provides service continuity across heterogeneous access networks
Must allow co-existence with UMTS/HSPA and GSM/EDGE should be possible to maintain a packet session in a way that is seamless to the user of a multi-mode device
Allows operators to gradually roll out LTE in the areas of highest demand first Currently being extended to also support EV-DO, and WiMAX
14 | Titre de la prsentation | Mois 2008 Alcatel-Lucent 2008, d.r., XXXXX
GSM/EDGE coverage UMTS/HSPA coverage LTE coverage
Evolved Packet System Architecture Overview
PDSN
HA
EPS is based upon an end-to-end all-IP architecture

Every services are delivered over IP Clearly delineated control plane & data plane Simplified network architecture: from 2 to 1 core
PCRF MME
SGW
PDN GW
Evolution to EPS
A Unified IP-based Always-on, QoS-enabled Network
Legacy Infrastructure
CS Core
BTS
Backhaul RNC (TDM/ATM)
PS Core
Internet PDSN HA
1
Radio Mobility Intelligence placed in the eNB
2
Backhaul transition To IP/Ethernet
3
RNC Bearer mobility collapse into the SGW RNC control distributed into the MME/eNB
4
MCS voice and SGSN packet mobility collapse into the SGW SGSN control collapse into the MME
5
CS and PS Collapse into a Unified IP backbone
6
BE to QoS/HA non-blocking
Evolved Packet System

Backhaul
eNB MME
Multi-Media
(IP/Ethernet)
SGW
Service aware and mobile aware IP network
PCRF
Services
PDN GW
Functional Implication of the New Mobile Core Architecture

User Plane has Many Common Attributes with Fixed Broadband Broadband capacity QoS for multi-service delivery Per-user and per-application policies Highly available network elements Control Plane gained new Mobile-Specific Attributes Mobility across networks & operators Distributed mobility management Massive increase in scalability Dynamic policy management
RNC
SGSN/GGSN
RNC
PDSN
3GPP Access
Non-3GPP Access
PCRF MME
SGW
PDN GW
EPS Architecture: Functional Description of Nodes

Mobility Management Entity
eNB Inter Cell RRM RB Control Connection Mobility Cont .
Authentication Tracking area list management Idle mode UE reachability S-GW/PDN-GW selection
MME NAS Security
eNB- contains all radio access functions

Radio admission control Scheduling of UL and DL data Scheduling and transmission of paging and system broadcast IP header compression (PDCP) Outer-ARQ (RLC)
Radio Admission Control eNB Measurement Configuration & Provision Dynamic Resource Allocation (Scheduler ) RRC PDCP RLC MAC S1 PHY S-GW Mobility Anchoring
Inter core network node signaling for mobility between 2G/3G and LTE Bearer management functions
PCRF
Idle State Mobility Handling EPS Bearer Control
Policy
Policy Decisions
Policy & Charging Rules Function

Network control of Service Data Flow (SDF) detection, gating, QoS & flow based charging Dynamic policy decision on service data flow treatment in the PCEF (xGW) Authorizes QoS resources
internet
P-GW UE IP address allocation Packet Filtering
E-UTRAN
EPC
Serving Gateway
Local mobility anchor for inter-eNB handovers Mobility anchoring for inter-3GPP handovers Idle mode DL packet buffering Lawful interception Packet routing and forwarding
PDN Gateway
IP anchor point for bearers UE IP address allocation Per-user based packet filtering Connectivity to packet data network
Big Picture View of the EPS

HSS
S6a
Standards based interfaces for inter-working with other 3GPP & non-3GPP networks
UTRAN
S101
eRNC
CDMA/EVDO
MME, S-GW & PDN-GW are logically defined functions !
SGSN
GERAN New interface / direct connectivity now exists between eNBs
S3
HSGW PCRF
S7c Gx
AF
MME
X2
eNB
S1-MME
S11
S4
S12
S2a
eUTRAN
eNB
S1-U
Serving Gateway
S5
PDN Gateway
SGi
IP Network
LTE Physical Layer functionalities
Fundamentals
LTE Air Interface Technologies and System design Air Interface physical and multiple access technologies:
DL: OFDMA UL: SC-FDMA
Frequency- and time-domain link adaptation frequency and time selective scheduling Hybrid ARQ: Incremental Redundancy (Chase combining as a special case) Modulation schemes: QPSK, 16QAM. 64QAM for both DL and UL. Frequency reuse: universal reuse and interference mitigation scheme Macro diversity for intra-NodeB DL transmission and e-MBMS in SFN MIMO Technologies Single-user MIMO, Multi-user MIMO, SDMA, beamforming, and Transmit Diversity Radio Resource Allocation distributed (DL only) and localized
OFDMA/SC-FDMA Characteristics OFDMA/SC-FDMA allows spectrum scalability of LTE system operation

Up to 20 MHz to enable very high data rates UEs with Lower bandwidth (low cost) can be operated in the same system
OFDMA/SC-FDMA characteristic ISI removal with Cyclic Prefix
CP
Useful OFDM symbol time OFDM symbol
Downlink
LTE Downlink: Scalable OFDMA The LTE downlink uses scalable OFDMA
Fixed subcarrier spacing of 15 kHz for unicast
symbol time fixed at T = 1/15kHz = 66.67 s
Different UEs are assigned different sets of subcarriers so that they remain orthogonal to each other (except MU-MIMO)
bit stream user 1
Encoding + Interleaving + Modulation
Serial to Parallel
IFFT
Serial to Parallel
Parallel to Serial
add CP
...
bit stream user 2
20 MHz: 2048 pt IFFT 10 MHz: 1024 pt IFFT 5 MHz: 512 pt IFFT
No in-cell interference different users use different subcarriers
Physical Channels to Support the LTE Downlink (Unicast)

Allows mobile to get timing and frequency sync with the cell
Carries basic system broadcast information Carries DL traffic
DL scheduling grant
) l (SCH hanne C ation hroniz Sync ) (PBCH annel ast Ch Broadc al Physic DSCH) nel (P Chan Shared k ownlin sical D DCCH) Phy nel (P l Chan ) Contro ink CFICH Downl nel (P al r Chan Physic dicato n rmat I trol Fo HICH) al Con nel (P Physic r Chan dicato ARQ In sical H Phy UCCH) nel (P l Chan Contro Uplink ysical Ph
eNode-B
Time span of PDCCH
HARQ feedback for UL
UE
HARQ feedback for DL CQI reporting
LTE Downlink: Mapping of Logical, Transport, Physical Channels

LTE makes heavy use of shared channels common control, paging, and part of broadcast information carried on PDSCH
PCCH: paging control channel BCCH: broadcast control channel CCCH: common control channel DCCH: dedicated control channel DTCH: dedicated traffic channel
PCCH BCCH
CCCH
DCCH
DTCH
MCCH
MTCH
Downlink Logical channels
PCH: paging channel BCH: broadcast channel DL-SCH: DL shared channel

PCH BCH DL-SCH MCH
Downlink Transport channels
Downlink Physical Channels

DL-RS SCH PCFICH PBCH PHICH PDSCH PDCCH PMCH
LTE Downlink: Channel Structure and Terminology

subframe
Physical Resource Block (PRB)
Subcarrier
first 1..3 OFDM symbols* reserved for L1/L2 control signaling (PCFICH, PDCCH, PHICH)
= 14 OFDM Symbols x 12 Subcarrier This is the minimum unit of allocation in LTE
one OFDM symbol
PRB
15 kHz
Resource Element is a single subcarrier in an OFDM symbol Slot (0.5 ms) Slot (0.5 ms)
t
Subframe (1 ms)
* 2..4 symbols for 1.4 MHz bandwidth only
LTE Downlink: Maximum Number of Resource Blocks frequency

100 PRBs
75 PRBs
50 PRBs 20 MHz 15 MHz 25 PRBs 15 PRBs 6 PRBs

All bandwidth options are applicable to both FDD and TDD
10 MHz 3 MHz 5 MHz
1.4 MHz
LTE Downlink Numerology (FDD)

Sampling Frequency 1.92 MHz 3.84 MHz 7.68 MHz 15.36 MHz 23.04 MHz 30.72 MHz Number of Usable Occupied BW Subcarriers* 72 180 300 600 900 1200 1.08 MHz 2.7 MHz 4.5 MHz 9 MHz 13.5 MHz 18 MHz Eases implementation of dual mode UMTS/LTE terminals FFT sizes chosen such that sampling rates are a multiple of the UMTS chip rate (3.84 MHz)
FFT Size 1.4 MHz 3 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz 128 256 512 1024 1536 2048
*DC subcarrier is not used in the LTE DL. Reason: direct conversion receivers (zero IF) in UE can introduce significant distortion on baseband signal components near 0 Hz
LTE Downlink: Common Reference Signal (RS) Structure
Physical Resource Block (PRB) Reference Symbol f
Reference signal is staggered in the time-frequency plane; mobile interpolates to obtain a 2-D picture of the channel
Subframe (1 ms)
LTE Downlink: Common RS Structure for 1, 2, and 4 Antenna Ports

RS overhead
R1 R1
One Antennaport Port One antenna
R1
R1
Physical Resource Block

R1
4.8% for 1 Tx 9.5% for 2 Tx 14.3% for 4 Tx
R1
R1
R1
l=1
l=1
l=1
l=1
Resource Element (k,l) TwoTwo antenna ports Antenna Ports

R1 R1 R1 R1
R1
R1
R1
R1
Not used for transmission on this antenna port
not used for transmission
In the multi-antenna case, there is a need for a RS power boost to overcome interference from neighbor cell data transmission Cell-specific frequency shift of RS position to avoid RS overlap
R1
R1
R1
R1
Reference symbols on this antenna port
Reference Symbols for this antenna port
R1
R1
R1
R1
FourFour antenna ports Antenna Ports
R1
R1
R1
R1
R1
R1
R1
R1
R1
R1
R1
R1
R1
R1
R1
R1
R1
R1
R1 even-numbered slots
R1 odd-numbered slots
R1 even-numbered slots
R1 odd-numbered slots
R1
R1 odd-numbered slots odd-numbered slots
even-numbered slots
even-numbered slots
Antenna port 0 Antenna Port1
Antenna port 1 Antenna Port 1
Antenna port 1 Antenna Port 2
Antenna port 3 Antenna Port1
LTE Downlink: Dedicated Signal (RS) Structure in Support of Beamforming Physical Resource Block (PRB) Common Reference Symbol (Antenna Port 0) Common Reference Symbol (Antenna Port 1) Dedicated Reference Symbol
Subframe (1 ms)
UE can be configured to use a dedicated RS for data demodulation sent only within those PRBs in which data is scheduled for the UE beamforming weights applied to dedicated RS
LTE Downlink: PBCH, SCH Location in Time & Frequency

PBCH P-SCH S-SCH
Primary sync channel (P-SCH) and secondary sync channel (S-SCH) for cell search
10ms radio frame contains 10 subframes (20 slots)
1 ms subframe
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
1.08 MHz
1.4 3 5 10 20 MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz
slot (0.5 ms)
slot (0.5 ms)
subframe (1 ms)
innermost 6 PRBs (72 subcarriers = 1.08 MHz) same structure used for all system bandwidths
LTE Downlink: Basics of Cell Search

There are 504 unique physical layer cell IDs, organized in 168 groups of 3
1. Mobile searches for P-SCH location in time and frequency; gives OFDM symbol boundaries
5ms period in time, center 72 subcarriers of system bandwidth; 3 possible sequences
5 ms
1.
Once P-SCH is acquired, the S-SCH location is known, and S-SCH is scrambled based on P-SCH sequence; S-SCH indicates the 10ms radio frame boundaries, and allows the mobile to obtain the group ID (168 group IDs); P-SCH + S-SCH acquisition gives physical layer cell ID Knowledge of the transmission timing and physical layer cell ID allows the mobile to find the position of the downlink reference symbols (6 possible frequency shifts) as well as the pseudo-random sequence used
10 ms
2.
1.08 MHz 3. Once the downlink reference signal is obtained, the mobile can decode the broadcast channel (PBCH) 10 ms
LTE Downlink: Broadcast of System Information

The Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) is used to broadcast system information
needs to be heard over entire cell coverage area
The BCCH conveys RRC messages called SystemInformation (SI)

A particular SI carries a number of System Information Blocks (SIBs) that have the same scheduling period (i.e. RACH info, power control info, etc.) SI-M is a special SI that carries a single SIB the Master Information Block (MIB)
The dimensioning of broadcast information is critical; hence in LTE, the BCCH is split into a primary and dynamic component Master Broadcast
carries SI-M; provides fast access to the minimum required amount of information for efficient discovery/mobility procedures Mapped to BCH PBCH
SI Broadcast
delivers SIs with semi-static information valid for a longer time period; access is not as time critical Mapped to DL-SCH PDSCH
LTE Downlink: Downlink Shared Channel (DL-SCH) DL-SCH transport channel carries scheduled packet data and is mapped onto the physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH)
Transport block CRC attachment
24 bit CRC Per-code-block CRC allows power savings in decoder with early termination, also allows parallel processing of code words in a MIMO SIC receiver R=1/3 turbo code from UMTS but with improved turbo interleaver (QPP) which allows efficient parallelization to reduce latency Simplified circular buffer rate matching with sub-block interleaving; rate matching is per code block to allow parallel processing of multiple code blocks
Code block segmentation and code block CRC attachment
Channel coding
Rate matching
Code block concatenation
Bit-level scrambling
Per-user bit level scrambling introduced for interference randomization PDSCH supports QPSK, 16-QAM, and 64-QAM
Enhancements introduced to allow efficient processing for very high data rates
Modulation
LTE Downlink: Summary of Channels
Transport Channel
DL-SCH BCH PCH MCH
Coding scheme
Turbo R=1/3 Convolutional R=1/3 Turbo R=1/3 Turbo R=1/3
Physical Channel
PDSCH PBCH PDSCH PMCH
Modulation
QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM QPSK QPSK QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM
Control Information
CFI HI DCI
Coding Scheme
Block code R=1/16 Repetition R=1/3 Convolutional R=1/3
with repetition/puncturing depending on CCE aggregation level
Physical Channel
PCFICH PHICH PDCCH
Modulation
QPSK BPSK QPSK
Uplink
Physical Channels to Support LTE Uplink

Random access for initial access and UL timing alignment Traffic and channel sounding reference signal
UL scheduling request for time synchronized UEs
RACH) nel (P Chan Access andom USCH) sical R nel (P Phy Chan Shared Uplink ysical Ph CCH) el (PU Chann ontrol plink C sical U Phy CCH) el (PD Chann ontrol nlink C ICH) al Dow el (PH ysic n Ph r Chan dicato ARQ In sical H Phy
HARQ feedback UL scheduling grant
eNode-B
UE
LTE Uplink: Mapping of Logical, Transport, Physical Channels
CCCH
DCCH
DTCH
CCCH: common control channel DCCH: dedicated control channel DTCH: dedicated traffic channel
Uplink Logical channels
RACH: random access channel UL-SCH: UL shared channel

RACH UL-SCH
Uplink Transport channels
PUSCH: physical UL shared channel PUCCH: physical UL control channel PRACH: physical random access channel
PRACH PUSCH PUCCH
Uplink Physical Channels
LTE Uplink: Multiple Access Scheme To facilitate efficient power amplifier design in the UE, 3GPP chose single carrier frequency domain multiple access (SC-FDMA) in favor of OFDMA for uplink multiple access SC-FDMA improves the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) compared to OFDM
~4 dB improvement for QPSK, ~2 dB improvement for 16-QAM Reduced power amplifier cost for mobile Reduced power amplifier back-off improved coverage
SC-FDMA is still an orthogonal multiple access scheme

UEs are orthogonal in frequency Synchronous in the time domain through the use of timing advance (TA) signaling
Only need to be synchronous within a fraction of the CP length TA command sent as a MAC control element with 0.52 s timing resolution
U U N o d e B U E C E B
E U
A E U
T B
r a n T E C
s m r a n T
i t s m r a n
i m i t s m T
i n i m i t T
g i n i m g i
LTE Uplink: DFT-SOFDMA-1 DFT spreading of modulation symbols reduces PAPR, but also leads to the possibility of inter-symbol interference (ISI)
In OFDM, each modulation symbols sees a single 15 kHz subcarrier (flat channel) In DFT-SOFDM, each modulation symbol sees a wider bandwidth (i.e. m x 180 KHz) if channel is frequency selective within allocated bandwidth the we get ISI
Equalization is required in the SC-FDMA receiver Simple one-tap frequency domain equalization facilitated by use of CP
OFDMA
f = 15 kHz
SC-FDMA
DFT spreading
+1 -1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1 -1 +1 +1 +1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1 -1 +1 +1 +1 -1
LTE Uplink: DFT-SOFDM Transmitter and Receiver Chain
bit stream
SP
DFT
IFFT
PS
add CP
D/A
RF Tx
...
...
Subcarrier mapping
Subcarrier demapping
...
Demod + deinterleave + decode
PS
IDFT
Equalizer
FFT
SP
remove CP
A/D
RF Rx
...
...
...
...
LTE Uplink Numerology

Sampling Frequency 1.92 MHz 3.84 MHz 7.68 MHz 15.36 MHz 23.04 MHz 30.72 MHz Number of Usable Subcarriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200 Occupied BW 1.08 MHz 2.7 MHz 4.5 MHz 9 MHz 13.5 MHz 18 MHz
FFT Size 1.4 MHz 3 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz 128 256 512 1024 1536 2048
Same numerology between uplink and downlink
LTE Uplink: Reference Signals-1 1. Data demodulation reference signal (DM-RS)

Sent with each packet transmission in order to demodulate data Occupies center SC-FDMA symbol of the slot Possibility to signal different sequences (cyclic shift of base CAZAC sequence) for use with MU-MIMO
1. Sounding reference signal (SRS)

Used to sound uplink channel to support frequency selective scheduling
Channel sensitive scheduling in both time and frequency
SRS parameters are UE specific and configured semi-statically

SC-FDMA symbol position (one symbol in subframe used for SRS) Periodicity: {2, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, 320} ms Bandwidth: narrowband or wideband (does not include PUCCH region) Frequency hopping
SRS is not sent when there is a scheduling request (SR) or CQI to be sent on PUCCH (to avoid multi-carrier transmission)
LTE Uplink: Reference Signals-2

SRS DM-RS transmitted only over bandwidth allocated to UE SRS can be transmitted over a wide bandwidth to allow channel quality estimation by the eNB uplink scheduler
Cyclic shift orthogonal sequences used to separate out different UEs SRS (8 possible shifts) Repetition factor (RPF) = 2 creates two frequency combs for increased multiplexing capability
UE 1 DM-RS UE 1
UE 2 DM-RS UE 2
Rules for SRS transmission

SRS only spans PUSCH bandwidth
UE 3 DM-RS UE 3 Slot = 0.5ms

SRS is not transmitted at the same time as CQI or Scheduling Request (SR) on PUCCH Shortened ACK/NACK format is used on PUCCH to allow transmission of SRS while maintaining single-carrier transmission
Slot = 0.5ms
LTE Uplink: Uplink Shared Channel (UL-SCH) UL-SCH transport channel carries scheduled packet data and is mapped onto the physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH)
Transport block CRC attachment
24 bit CRC
Code block segmentation and code block CRC attachment
Per-code-block CRC allows power savings in decoder with early termination R=1/3 turbo code with improved turbo interleaver (QPP) which allows efficient parallelization to reduce latency sub-block interleaving; rate matching is per code block to allow parallel processing of multiple code blocks
Enhancements introduced to allow efficient processing for very high data rates
Channel coding
Rate matching
Code block concatenation CQI/PMI ACK/NACK control MUX Bit-level scrambling
Mux control when needed; data is rate matched around CQI/PMI, but ACK/NACK punctures out data (kept indep. from RM to maintain turn-around) Per-user bit level scrambling introduced for interference randomization PUSCH supports QPSK and 16-QAM; 64-QAM is optional
Modulation
LTE Uplink: Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)

PUCCH carries ACK/NACK and CQI to support the downlink, as well as scheduling requests (SR) for the uplink
PRBs targets on two extreme ends of the frequency band are configured by RRC Number of PUCCH PRBs reserved semi-statically based on required amount of control
resource 1 resource 3 System BW resource 2 resource 0 0.5ms slot
resource 0 resource 2
PUSCH
resource 3 resource 1 0.5ms slot
PUCCH
PUCCH is never transmitted simultaneously with PUSCH, in order to maintain single-carrier transmission
If ACK/NACK or CQI needs to be sent when there is PUSCH transmission, it must be multiplexed together with PUSCH
LTE Uplink: PUCCH Format 1a/1b for ACK/NACK

1 bit for SIMO (format 1a: BPSK), 2 bits for MIMO (format 1b: QPSK) ACK/NACK is repeated 8 times and spread with length 12 CAZAC sequence in frequency CDM of ACK/NACK from different UEs by using different cyclic shifts of CAZAC sequence To further increase multiplexing capability, block-wise spreading via wi is added over each slot Example: Use 6 cyclic shifts and 3 orthogonal RS covers gives 18 multiplexed UEs per resource PUCCH resource index for ACK/NACK Tx lowest CCE for PDCCH in DL scheduling grant If SRS is transmitted in the same subframe, a shortened ACK/NACK format is used where the ACK/NACK symbol corresponding to the SRS location is punctured
ACK/NACK copy
CAZAC
IFFT
w0
IFFT
w1
Reference symbols Orthogonal cover
IFFT
w2
IFFT
w3 resource 1 resource 3 resource 0 resource 2
PUSCH
resource 2 resource 0 resource 3 resource 1 0.5ms slot
0.5ms slot
0.5ms slot
LTE Uplink: PUCCH Format 1 for Scheduling Request

On/Off keying based on ACK/NACK design
Two sequences: length 4 + length 3 Compatibility with ACK/NACK transmission from different UE
SR resource on PUCCH is configured via RRC (time multiplexing and sequence #) SR and ACK/NACK from same user can be multiplexed
If SR needs to be sent, then ACK/NACK is transmitted using the assigned SR PUCCH resource
SR and CQI from same user cannot be multiplexed SR and SRS is cannot be sent in the same subframe (SRS is dropped)
resource 1 resource 3 resource 0 resource 2
PUSCH
copy
Sequence 1 Sequence 2
LTE Uplink: PUCCH Format 2 for CQI/PMI/RI

20 coded bits per subframe (10 symbols) with QPSK modulation
CDM of UEs by spreading each symbol with a length 12 CAZAC sequence in frequency CQI/PMI/RI PUCCH resources assigned via RRC ACK/NACK can be multiplexed with CQI (format 2a/2b); drop CQI when SR is transmitted SRS not sent in same subframe as CQI (SRS dropped): higher layer config should try to avoid
CQI
CAZAC
IFFT
IFFT IFFT IFFT
IFFT
IFFT
IFFT IFFT IFFT
IFFT
0.5ms slot
0.5ms slot resource 1 resource 3 resource 0 resource 2
RS
PUSCH
LTE Uplink: Random Access Channel-1

The random access channel (RACH) is used during initial access, handoff, or when uplink synchronization is lost UE sends a RACH preamble on physical random access preamble (PRACH)
UE first obtains downlink timing from SCH, then sends RACH preamble (non-synchronized) eNB detects timing preamble and sends a timing advance command to time synchronize UE
Gap time reflects the timing uncertainty due to round trip propagation delay CP is used to allow frequency domain processing, and must cover the round trip propagation delay as well as the delay spread Formats #2 and #3 offer a 2 x 0.8ms preamble repetition to improve detection performance in poor channel conditions fRA = 1/0.8ms = 1.25 kHz sensitivity to doppler
shift from high speed UEs (greater than ~120 km/hr)
RA slot
CP
Tcp
Zadoff-Chu (ZC) Sequence

Tseq Tgap
Format RA slot #0 #1 #2 #3 1 ms 2 ms 2 ms 3 ms
Tcp ~0.1 ms ~0.68 ms ~0.2 ms ~0.68 ms
Tseq 0.8 ms 0.8 ms 1.6 ms 1.6 ms
Tgap ~0.1 ms ~0.5 ms ~0.2 ms ~0.7 ms
Max cell size ~15 km ~75km ~30 km ~100 km
Root sequence length = 839; different signatures are generated by first using different cyclic shifts of a single root sequence (orthogonal), and then using additional root sequences as needed (low cross-correlation)
Max cell size (m) = 3E8 * Tgap/2
LTE Uplink: Random Access Channel-2

PRACH sent in reserved time-frequency zone; configured semi-statically
PRACH resource = 6 PRBs (1.08 MHz); at most one PRACH resource per subframe PRACH resource contains 64 preamble sequences (6 bits)
preambles can all be orthogonal for small cell sizes (different cyclic shifts of root ZC seq.) not orthogonal for larger cell sizes (need to use different root ZC sequences)
PRACH access slots can occur every 1, 2, 5, 10, or 20ms

20ms option can only be used in synchronized networks 10ms max for non-synchronized networks so that UE does not need to obtain the SFN from the target cell BCH in handover scenario (radio frame timing provided by the SCH)
PRACH cycle
1 ms
freq
le du he Sc
ta Da d
6 PRBs = 1.08 MHz
PRACH opportunities
LTE Uplink: Contention Based Random Access Procedure

1. PRACH preamble: 6 bits (64 signatures) consisting of 5 bits random ID + 1 bit info 2. RA response generated by MAC on DL-SCH using RA-RNTI on associated PDCCH
RA-RNTI tied to time/freq resource of PRACH Semi-synchronous, no HARQ Contains RA preamble identifier, timing alignment info, initial uplink grant
1 Random Access Response 1 1
UE
eNB
Random Access Preamble
Scheduled Transmission
1. First scheduled UL transmission on UL-SCH

Uses HARQ For initial access, contains RRC connection request carried on CCCH, NAS UE identifier but no NAS message
Contention Resolution 1
1. Contention resolution on DL-SCH

Generated by RRC and carried on CCCH
LTE Uplink: Non-Contention Based Random Access Procedure
0. eNB assigns non-contention RA preamble to UE. Signaled by:

HO command generated by target eNB via source eNB for handover MAC signaling for DL data arrival
1. RA preamble transmission by UE on assigned non-contention preamble 2. RA response on DL-SCH
Non-contention based random access improves access time
LTE Uplink: Power Control-1

Open-loop power control is the baseline uplink power control method in LTE (compensation for path loss and fading)
Open-loop PC is needed to constrain the dynamic range between signals received from different UEs Unlike CDMA, there is no in-cell interference to combat; rather, fading is exploited by rate control
nal Sig ce ren efe LR D
H: BC
l na mi o _n Po
In classic open-loop PC:

1. eNB broadcasts the total uplink interference level (Itot) and the SINR target (nominal) together as Ponominal
(dBm)
= nominal (dB) + Itot (dBm)
2. UE estimates path loss + shadowing (PL) on the downlink by measuring downlink reference signal 3. UE sets its transmit PSD (power per PRB) in order to achieve the broadcast SINR target. In dB scale:
In classic open-loop PC, all UEs achieve the same target SINR UEs near interior of cell transmit at reduced PSD poor spectral efficiency
TxPSD(dBm) = PL(dB) + Ponominal (dBm)


Fractional power control is introduced to allow a more flexible trade-off between spectral efficiency and cell edge rates TxPSD(dBm) = PL(dB) + Ponominal (dB)
Fractional compensation factor < 1 is introduced so that only a fraction of the path loss is compensated Target SINR is now a function of the UEs path loss target SINR increases with decreasing path loss. In dB scale, we have
f Re DL
nal Sig nce ere

l, na i om _n o :P CH B
TargetSINR(dBm) = nominal (dB) + (1-)PL(dB)

With =1, we have classic open-loop PC As we reduce , the range of target SINRs increases between UEs, and we can achieve higher spectral efficiency at the expense of cell edge rate
Target SINR

Additional user-specific power offsets can be sent via RRC signaling; can be used to correct open-loop errors (i.e. PA errors), or to allow proprietary methods to create a power profile
TxPSD(dBm) = PL(dB) + Ponominal (dB) + Pouser (dB)

al ign S ce en fer Re DL
Aperiodic fast power control is made possible by additionally allowing a dynamic adjustment of the UE transmit PSD with 1 or 2 bit power control commands, can either be accumulated adjustment or absolute. PC command sent via:
UL scheduling grant (DCI Format 0): 2 bit TPC command
Absolute: {-4, -1, +1, +4} dB Accumulated: {-1, 0, +1, +3} dB Format 3: 2 bits representing {-1, 0, +1, +3} dB Format 3A: 1 bit representing {-1, +1} dB
l, ina m no o_ :P ser CH B _u o :P RC R
On separate power control channel (DCI Format 3/3A)
TxPSD(dBm) = PL(dB) + Ponominal (dB) + Pouser (dB) + f()


The UE transmit PSD can optionally be made dependent on the MCS level assigned, through use of TF which specifies power offsets as a function of the MCS level assigned by the scheduler TxPSD(dBm) = PL(dB) + Ponominal (dB) + Pouser (dB) + f() + TF The UEs total power scales with the number of assigned PRBs (M)
TxPower(dBm) = min( Pmax (dBm), TxPSD(dBm) + 10log10(M) )
al ign S ce en fer Re DL
l, na mi o _n F Po _T H: BC , ser _u o :P RC R
SRS follows PUSCH power control with a configurable power offset Separate power control parameters for PUSCH and PUCCH
MIMO
Multiple Antenna Techniques Spatial Multiplexing (SM) SU-MIMO

Multiple data streams sent to the same user (max 2 codewords) Significant throughput gains for UEs in high SINR conditions
Spatial Division Multiple Access (SDMA) or Beamforming

Different data streams sent to different users on same resource Improves throughput even in low SINR conditions (cell-edge) Works even for single antenna mobiles User-specific RS (dedicated RS) supported to facilitate beamforming; used for demodulation of PDSCH
Transmit Diversity
Improves reliability on a single data stream; space-frequency block coding (SFBC), cyclic delay diversity (CDD) Fall back scheme if channel conditions do not allow SM; useful to improve reliability on common control channels
MIMO Support is Different in Downlink and Uplink
Downlink MIMO
Supports Spatial Multiplexing, MU-MIMO, and Transmit Diversity
Uplink MIMO
Initial release of LTE will only support MU-MIMO with a single PA at the UE desire to avoid multiple PAs at UE Cyclic-shift orthogonal pilots used in the uplink to facilitate MU-MIMO operation
DL Spatial Multiplexing Modes for Low and High Speeds

UE indicates best combo of CQI/PMI/RI for max throughput (i.e. high-rank/low-MCS vs. low-rank/high MCS) Closed-loop SM is ideally suited for low speed scenarios when the CQI/PMI/RI feedback is accurate Open-loop SM provides robustness in high speed scenarios when the feedback is not accurate
Closed-Loop SM
CQI PMI RI
separate CQI for each codeword fed back PMI feedback from UE based on instantaneous channel state based on SINR and instantaneous channel matrix rank RI=1 corresponds to closed loop TxDiv (CLTD)
Open-Loop SM
one value fed back applicable over all layers no feedback from UE, fixed precoding at eNB with large delay CDD to improve robustness typically based only on SINR RI=1 corresponds to open loop TxDiv (SFBC)
precoding
Select # code words Modulation + coding Modulation + coding Layer mapping
M Tx
N Rx MIMO H H
Demod + decode demod + decode
RI
CQI
PMI
H = UV
Multi-codeword SM and Layer Mapping

LTE allows multi-codeword (MCW) SM in which the streams are encoded independently rather than jointly as in single codeword SM
Advantages: MCS can be adjusted on each stream independently to improve throughput, allows for SIC receiver Disadvantages: Increased feedback as ACK/NACK as CQI are needed per codeword
A maximum of 2 codewords is supported, even when a rank-3 or rank-4 transmission is used in the case of 4x4 MIMO. Mapping of codewords to layers (e.g. streams) as below:
Rank-2 CW#1 CW#1 Precoding (1x4) CW#2 Rank-2 Rank-4 CW#1 S/P Precoding (3x4) CW#2 S/P S/P
(useful for ReTx)
Precoding (2x4)
CW#n
S/P
Precoding (2x4)
Rank-1
Rank-3 CW#1 CW#2
layers
Precoding (4x4)
A single codeword can be mapped to 2 layers only in the case of 4 Tx antennas (for efficient retransmission of a codeword mapped to 2 layers in the previous transmission)
Codebook Based Precoding-1

Precoding vectors/matrices specified for 2 and 4 transmit antennas: 4 codebook entries for 2 Tx antennas, 16 codebook entries for 4 Tx antennas
Precoding vector for one codeword Precoding matrix for two codewords
This entry is only used for open loop SM
2 Tx antennas
4Tx antennas
Codebook Based Precoding-2 Codebook entries support a variety of antenna spacings & configurations Network can configure the UE to only consider a subset of the codebook entries
1 11 . 1Antennas, / 1spacing
Example: 4 antennas with half-wavelength spacing

Codebook entries 0,1,3,4,5,6,7 with 1 layer form a set of fixed beams
Gain
1 11 . 1 11 . 1 00 . 1 -111 -11 index index index index index index index -11 -11 -11 1 1 1 Angle (deg) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
11 1
MIMO Technologies: SU-MIMO SU-MIMO multiple codeword, SM transmission
space fre q.
Resource Mapper
Input bit sequence of user k
FEC k k FEC k k FEC k k P P
Seg.
segmentation, coding, VRB layer multiplexing
VRB / VARB / PRB processing
OFDM
link adaptation and resource assignment
O FD
pr oc es si
Seg. : segmentation FEC : forward error coding : interleaving : modulation P : power allocation
ng
MIMO Technologies -MU-MIMO (beamforming, SDMA)

Seg. : segmentation FEC : forward error coding : interleaving : modulation P : power allocation V : beamforming Input bit sequence of user k
space fre q.
FEC k k FEC k k FEC k k Resource Mapper V V P P
Seg.
segmentation, coding, VRB layer multiplexing
VRB / VARB / PRB processing
Notes: 1. Transmission to a single user is shown. For multiple users, add signals after beamforming. 2. Generalize to SM using a precoding matrix. 3. Precoding vector (or matrix) is recomputed up to once per TTI
OFDM
link adaptation and resource assignment
O FD
pr
oc e
ss in g
MBMS
Inter-Cell Interference Mitigation Principle - coordinate the transmission power and limit the inter-cell interference Interference Mitigation coordination Static inter-cell coordination strategy provision in advance Semi-static S1/X2 signaling for inter-cell dynamic coordination Inter-cell interference Mitigation schemes Inter-cell interference-cancellation/suppression
Spatial suppression by means of multiple antennas at the UE Interference cancellation based on detection/subtraction of the inter-cell interference
Inter-cell interference mitigation/coordination by means of

Intelligent scheduling based on priority allocation of sub-frame/sub-carrier allocation, frequency scheduling, power levels coupled to sub-band priorities, soft reuse: power levels coupled to groups of sub-bands etc.
Power control open loop
Multicast/Broadcast in a Single Frequency Network (MBSFN) Synchronized transmission from multiple cells on same set of subcarriers
Appears as extra multipath at the terminal, as long as signal components from different cells arrive within the CP length
Extended CP lengths used in broadcast to account for propagation delay from different cells Signals from different cells combine coherently over the air
Macro-Diversity gains exploited in OFDMA system Scheduler coordinates broadcast frames through RRM coordination Data Synchronization
Evolved Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS)

With E-MBMS, multiple users receive the same information using the same radio resources much more efficient approach for delivering common content
Examples: television broadcasts, news updates, sports scores, etc. Broadcast: every user receives content Multicast: only users with a subscriptions receive content
E-MBMS can be used in synchronous or asynchronous networks, and can either be on a stand-alone E-MBMS carrier or multiplexed with unicast traffic
Subframes reserved for broadcast are reserved periodically in time TDM of broadcast and unicast subframes (FDM is not allowed)
ts ac n U i
ts ac n U i
ts ac n U i
ts ac n U i
ts ac n U i
ts ac n U i
ts ac n U i
ts ac n U i
ts ac n U i
ts ac n U i
ts ac n U i
ts ac n U i
ts ac n U i
ts ac n U i
ts ac daor B
ts ac daor B
1ms subframe
time
ts ac n U i
Multicast Broadcast on a Single Frequency Network (MBSFN)

MBSFN refers to a mode of E-MBMS where synchronized transmission of the same content from multiple cells on same set of subcarriers takes place
Appears as extra multipath at the mobile, as long as signal components from different cells arrive within the CP length diversity gains exploited for free with over the air combining An extended CP length is used for broadcast subframes to account for propagation delay from different cells
CP length extended from 4.7 s to 16.6 s (increased CP overhead) 6 OFDM symbols per slot for broadcast (instead of 7 for unicast)
MBSFN for Larger Cells (7.5 kHz Subcarrier Spacing)

To handle even larger cells with additional propagation delay, a second extended CP of 33 s is defined OFDM symbol time is doubled from 66.6 s to 133 s, so that the extended CP overhead will not be excessive Increased symbol time means subcarrier spacing reduces from 15 kHz to 7.5 kHz
Increased sensitivity to high doppler
The 7.5 kHz mode can only be used as a stand-alone E-MBMS carrier, cannot be multiplexed with unicast traffic
4.7 s 16.6 s 33.3 s
66.6 s
66.6 s
133.3 s
Unicast subframe
(7% CP overhead)
Broadcast subframe
(25% CP overhead)
LTE Higher Layer protocol stacks
LTE Protocol Model Vertical Planes User Plane

- BMC layer is not needed in E-UTRAN, since MBMS is used to broadcast - RLC/MAC layer (terminated in eNB): Scheduling, ARQ, HARQ - PDCP layer (moved now to eNB): Header Compression (ROHC), Ciphering, Integrity protection
UE PD C P R LC M AC PH Y eN B PD C P R LC M AC PH Y SAE Gatew ay
Control Plane
- RRC terminated in eNB Broadcast, Paging, RRC connection management, RB control, Mobility functions, UE measurement reporting and control
UE NAS RRC RLC MAC PHY
eNB
MME NAS RRC RLC MAC PHY
Layer 2 Structure for DL in eNB
Radio Bearers ROHC PDCP Security Security Security Security ROHC ROHC ROHC
RLC
Segm. ARQ
...
Segm. ARQ Logical Channels
Segm. ARQ
...
Segm. ARQ
BCCH
PCCH
Scheduling / Priority Handling
MAC
Multiplexing UE1
Multiplexing UE n
HARQ Transport Channels
HARQ
LTE MAC Mapping between logical and transport channels

MBMS CHs CCCH DCCH
HS-DSCH
MAC functionalities: - E-UTRAN MAC functions similar to UTRAN apart from the absence of functions related to dedicated transport channels -Reduction of different MAC entities (e.g. MAC-d not needed due to the absence of dedicated transport channels)
MTCH
BCCH
CCCH RACH
DCCH DCH
PCCH
DTCH
CTCH
Rel. 6
E-DCH
FACH
DCH
BCH
PCH
DTCH
PCCH
BCCH
CCCH
DCCH
DTCH
MCCH
Logical channels
Transport channels
PCH BCH RACH SCH MCH
Main differences with UTRAN Rel6 mapping: - Absence of CTCH ( no FACH) - Dedicated transport channels are not supported - New shared channels: UL-SCH and DL-SCH
RLC Services and Functions AM, UM and TM transfer modes Error Correction through ARQ Segmentation/concatenation of SDUs according to the size of the TB When necessary, re-segmentation of PDUs that need to be retransmitted The number of nested re-segmentations is not limited In-sequence delivery of upper layer PDUs except at HO in the Uplink Flow Control between eNB and UE (FFS) Other Duplicate Detection Protocol error detection and recovery SDU discard Reset
RRC States
RRC_IDLE
(UE specific DRX configured by NAS, Broadcast of system information, Paging, Cell re-selection mobility, The UE shall have been allocated an id which uniquely identifies the UE in a tracking area, No RRC context stored in the eNB)
No RRC states (Cell_DCH, Cell_FACH, Cell_PCH, URA_PCH) in Connected Mode and only two macro RRC states
RRC_CONNECTED (UE has an E-UTRAN-RRC connection; UE has context in E-UTRAN; E-UTRAN knows the cell which the UE belongs to; Network can transmit and/or receive data to/from UE; Network controlled mobility (handover); Neighbour cell measurements)
PDCP Services and Functions Header compression and decompression: ROHC only Transfer of user data In-sequence delivery of upper layer PDUs at HO in the uplink Security Ciphering termination is still under discussion in 3GPP Integrity protection of control plane data (NAS signalling); PDCP header is 1 or 2 bytes 1 byte header used to optimize VoIP
PDCP header PDCP SDU (after compression) PDCP PDU
User Plane NAS Data
Control Plane NAS Signalling
PDCP ROHC Ciphering ROHC Ciphering Ciphering

Integrity Protection
Ciphering
HARQ N-process Stop-And-Wait HARQ is used The HARQ is based on ACK/NACKs In the downlink: Asynchronous retransmissions with adaptive transmission parameters are supported In the uplink: HARQ is based on synchronous retransmissions The HARQ transmits and retransmits interval 8 ms
HARQ/ARQ interactions Possible because RLC and MAC are co-located (unlike in HSPA Rel6) In HARQ assisted ARQ operation, ARQ uses knowledge obtained from the HARQ about the transmission/reception status of a TB: If maximum HARQ retransmission limit is reached the ARQ is notified and retransmission can be initiated If the HARQ receiver is able to detect a NACK to ACK error it is FFS if the transmitting ARQ entities are notified If the HARQ receiver is able to detect TB transmission failure it is FFS if the receiving ARQ entities are notified
SAE Bearers
R OH C PD C P C iphering
R OH C C iphering
R adio Bearers
R LC
Segm . AR Q ...
Segm . AR Q
Logical C hannels Logical C hannels
Scheduling Priority H andling /
M AC
M ultiplexing
H AR Q R AC H
T ransport C hannels
LTE A Technologies
LTE-A Technologies Support Wider BW Carrier Aggregation UL Access Scheme SC-FDMA vs. OFDMA MIMO extension DL up to 8x8 and UL up to 4x4 CoMP (Coordinated Multi-Point Tx/Rx) Network MIMO Coordinate MIMO Macro Diversity Combining Relay L1/L2/L3 Relay MBMS enhancement non-SFN MBMS operation Mobility enhancement soft handover
Support of Wider BW Carrier Aggregation Support of contiguous and Non-contiguous carrier aggregation Multiple component carriers with each component carrier up to 20 MHz BW 100 kHz channel raster as it is defined in R-8 & Asymmetrical UL/DL Alloc. Reduced subcarriers between the component carriers HARQ process one TB and one HARQ per component carrier DL Control Signaling one per component or one for all UL Control Signaling Associated with HARQ design
19 sub-carriers 19 sub-carriers Total bandwidth (285 kHz) (285 kHz) = 60 MHz 18.015 MHz 18.015 MHz 18.015 MHz Frequency 18.3 MHz 18.3 MHz 100-kHz channel raster
Guard band = 2.6925 MHz
LTE-Advanced: MAC function per component carrier TB Mapping -MAC to physical layer mapping and control signaling for carrier aggregation Single Transport Block per antenna per component carrier
Minimizing control signaling overhead Ack/Nak Backward compatible to possibly support Rel-8 UE at each component carrier
transport block Channel coding Modulation RB mapping
Component carrier 1
transport block Channel coding Modulation RB mapping

Component carrier 1
1 MHz 1
1 MHz 1
UL Transmission Scheme OFDMA vs N x SC-FDMA OFDMA has the performance advantage with diversity gain with the use of MLD decoding N x SC-FDMA minimizing the Cubic matrix (PAPR) with comparable performance with the use of interference cancellation Agreed UL Transmission scheme PUSCH transmission (MIMO and non-MIMO) uses DFT-precoding On top of Rel-8 operation:
Control-data decoupling (simultaneous PUCCH and PUSCH transmission) supported in addition to TDM type multiplexing Non-contiguous data transmission with single DFT per component carrier (CL-DFT-SOFDM) FFS: Resource allocation based on Rel-8 DL schemes (allocation type 0 and/or 1) FFS: At most one new DCI format for non-MIMO
MIMO Configurations for MIMO extension and CoMP
MIMO
Single base
Multiple bases (Network MIMO) Non-coherent Coherent (Magnitude only) (Magnitude/phase)
Co-located antennas
SU-MIMO, MU-MIMO Beamforming
Distributed antennas (RRH)

Macroscopic MIMO SU-MIMO MU-MIMO Beamforming
Collaborative MIMO -SU MIMO -MU MIMO
Coherent Network MIMO -SU MIMO -MU MIMO
MIMO Evolution for MIMO extension and CoMP Extended Precoding Combinations of Beamforming and Diversity Transmission
Beamforming for Multi-User Transmission (SDMA), based on closely spaced antenna elements (0.5 lambda)
Optimized codebooks for CoMP and MIMO extension

Download codebooks reduce the number of stored codebook and entry expansion Global codebook or Coordinate local codebooks for CoMP
Antenna Configuration - For up to 8 antenna elements in a 4x2 X-pol. configuration ( compact housing) data stream 1 / 2 MS 1 Basestation MIMO channel data stream 3 MS 2
Multiuser MIMO and scheduling for enhanced feedback mechanisms
MU-MIMO enhancement Principle of MU-MIMO beamforming to each user with minimizing crossinterference DL Scheduler computation of pairing UE feedback CQI/PMI + best companion PMI/CQI
MU-MIMO
User data streams
A B
User Beamselection 2 forming
C D 1
Channel state feedback
1 Users estimate channel and its 1 companion with quantized 2 feedback. 2 Base combine feedback from users and calculates beam weight to maximize sum rate while 3 addressing fairness. 3 Data is transmitted.
Collaborative/Network MIMO overview
Coordinate transmission and reception of signals among multiple bases. Reduces intercell interference and improves cell-edge performance and overall throughput.
Collaborative MIMO: share user data and long-term noncoherent channel information. Coherent network MIMO: share user data and shortterm coherent channel information.
Key technologies in Multi-mode Adaptive MIMO
Cellular system
Multi-dimension adaptation Adaptation strategy Multi-variable channel measurement Low-rate feedback mechanism SU-MIMO SU-MIMO enhancement Closed-loop MIMO Iterative MIMO receiver MU-MIMO
Multicast Anchor Collaborative/Network MIMO Collaborative/Network MIMO/Beam Coordination Implementation of multiBS collaboration with channel information
MU-MIMO optimization MU precoding algorithm Trade-off design of scheduler between complexity and performance
Relay Technologies Types of Relay L1 Relay repeater or Amplify-and-forward L2 Relay decode-and-forward L3 Relay IP packet forwarding Characteristic of Relay associated with eNode B Transparent Relay same Physical cell ID as eNB Non-transparent Relay separate Physical cell ID as eNB
Relay Node eNode B Relay Node Backhauli ng Relay Node
Relay Node Relay Node
Design Issues in L2/L3 Relays L3 Relay Type 1 Relay agreed in LTE-A TDM backhauling using MBSFN subframe to support Rel-8 UEs Reducing the complexity L2 Relay Design issues Benefit of L2 Relay in system performance - Early termination gain Timing of HARQ operation in DL and UL Resource coordination
Scheduling coordination between eNB and Relay Node PDCCH Tx between eNB and Relay Node for DL Coordinated Relay
Interference mitigation with Relay Node

Power allocation and interference management from neighboring cell and Relay
RS design and UE Channel Estimation

Channel vector from RS with/o Relay Tx at different subframe
L3 Relay Use Cases Characteristics of L3 Relay Separate Physical Cell ID Backhauling through LTE-A air interface Relay Node has complete eNode B functions
cell search, RACH, broadcast, DL/UL control, RRC control signaling, mobility management etc.
Inband Backhauling
Assumption of static radio link for backhauling for performance gain Data transport/Control signaling of combination support of S1 & X2 interface.
Possible use of Macro eNode B to Home eNode B interface
Cost effective alternatives comparing to another eNB or RRH Use Cases for L3 Relay with inband backhauling extended coverage Remote rural area, isolation area (costly wireline backhaul) Remote island with reachable distance (under sea backhaul) Wireless PBX for corporate or small enterprise business (no leasing trunk) Historical districts (no allowance of new wiring) Wireless home eNB (no wireline backhauling) Moving objects - Train/Bus/Airplane (No cost effective alternatives) Temporary coverage Olympics, special events, emergency events
L2 Relay Use Cases Characteristics of L2 Relay Same Physical Cell ID with donor eNB Simplified RF/Baseband functions to enhance the cell edge throughput Transparent Backhauling Relay Node is considered an UE to the eNB with coordination of Tx/Rx and control signaling. Cost effective alternatives comparing to RRH Use Cases Enhancement of Cell edge coverage
Remove the coverage hole Extended coverage at indoor environment - overcome bad RF reception
Improving cell edge throughput

Enhanced the penetration in high rise building Hot spot area Campus environments Large Corporate Bus/Train stops and Airports Meeting/conference rooms Tunnels/Bridge/stadium
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LTE Technical Principles

3 | Titre de la prsentation | Mois 2008

Alcatel-Lucent 2008, d.r., XXXXX

LTE/LTE-A Target Performance

1 Gbps (30 bps/Hz) 500 Mbps (15 bps/Hz)

> 50Mbps (2.5 bps/Hz)

< 5 msec (better than LTE)

5 | Titre de la prsentation | Mois 2008

Alcatel-Lucent 2008, d.r., XXXXX

Delay Budget to achieve 5 ms in UTRA

TTI + frame alignment 00 ms . 0

U-plane latency components in LTE

6 | Titre de la prsentation | Mois 2008

Alcatel-Lucent 2008, d.r., XXXXX

Average Throughput/Edge Throughput/VoIP Capacity

0.04 0.08 bps/Hz

300 per 5 MHz

7 | Titre de la prsentation | Mois 2008

Alcatel-Lucent 2008, d.r., XXXXX

Support of very large cell

8 | Titre de la prsentation | Mois 2008

Alcatel-Lucent 2008, d.r., XXXXX

Enhanced MBMS and Network Synchronization

1 bps/Hz in an urban orD1 3.13 bps/Hz (1619 ISD) suburban environment

Better than LTE

9 | Titre de la prsentation | Mois 2008

Alcatel-Lucent 2008, d.r., XXXXX

10 | Titre de la prsentation | Mois 2008

Alcatel-Lucent 2008, d.r., XXXXX

Flat-IP Architecture for e-UTRA

11 | Titre de la prsentation | Mois 2008

Alcatel-Lucent 2008, d.r., XXXXX

Outlook of E-UTRA Architecture Evolution

LTE eNB RRC, Cell control, Scheduling, HARQ

12 | Titre de la prsentation | Mois 2008

Alcatel-Lucent 2008, d.r., XXXXX

LTE Network architecture

Evolved Packet Core

Op. IP Serv. (IMS, PSS, etc)

non 1 GPP IP Access

WLAN 1 GPP IP Access

* Color codi ng: red indicates new functional element / interface

13 | Titre de la prsentation | Mois 2008

Alcatel-Lucent 2008, d.r., XXXXX

Evolved Packet System (EPS) Architecture: Goals

GSM/EDGE coverage UMTS/HSPA coverage LTE coverage

Evolved Packet System Architecture Overview

EPS is based upon an end-to-end all-IP architecture

15 | Titre de la prsentation | Mois 2008

Alcatel-Lucent 2008, d.r., XXXXX

Backhaul RNC (TDM/ATM)

Evolved Packet System

Service aware and mobile aware IP network

16 | Titre de la prsentation | Mois 2008

Alcatel-Lucent 2008, d.r., XXXXX

Functional Implication of the New Mobile Core Architecture

17 | Titre de la prsentation | Mois 2008

Alcatel-Lucent 2008, d.r., XXXXX

EPS Architecture: Functional Description of Nodes

eNB- contains all radio access functions

Idle State Mobility Handling EPS Bearer Control

Policy & Charging Rules Function