7C Candy Kwok (12)

Maggie Lam (13)

Cecilia Wu (23)
Theory
Neutralization
Acid + Base  Salt + Water
NaHCO3 + HCl NaCl + H2O + CO2
Al(OH) 3 + 3HCl AlCl3 + 3H2O
Mg(OH) 2 + 2HCl MgCl2 + 2H2O
Indicator
Phenolphthalein
Colourless  Pink

 Back titration
Procedure
1. Antacid tablet  transferred to a mortar 
crushed
into fine powder
2. Weighed the powder
3. The powder  transferred to conical flask
4. Antacid  dissolved with 150ml distilled
water by
using hot plate
5. The dissolved antacid  immersed in tap
water 
cooled to 25℃
6. The dissolved antacid  transferred to a
7. Volumetric flask  filled water to the mark 
inverted several times

8. Pipette  transferred 25ml of HCl solution to

the conical flask

9. Dissolved antacid  added to the conical

flask

10. 3-4 drops of phenothalein  added to the

flask
11. NaOH solution was added from a burette with
continuous swirling until the colour changed from
colourless to pale pink

12. Record the volume of NaOH solution used

13. Effectiveness of the antacid was calculated

Source of error
Other ingredients  affect the pH

The meniscus  not be exactly at the graduation

mark
of the burette / pipette

The coatings  not dissolve in acid or dissolve

slowly

Other ingredients  dissolve in the water

 affect solubility of active
ingredients

Incomplete dissolving of the ingredients

Incomplete reaction

Reading error in burette = 0.05 cm 3

Reading error in determining the end point

End point ≠ equivalence point

Evaporation of some liquid in the heating

process
Improvements
Sufficient time for reaction of acid & base

pH meter for detection of the end point

More time for tablets to dissolve

Hot distilled water as solvent instead of the

cold one
Result
Brand name Vol. of HCl Effectiveness
neutralized/ mass (1: highest;
(cm3/g) 3: lowest)
ACTAL 106cm3/g 1
Weisen U 82.0cm3/g 2
Unknown 69.2 cm3/g 3

Conclusion
• The most effective antacid brand: ACTAL
Application
Medicine to treat varies gut problems:
1. Gastric ulcer
2. Duodenal ulcer
3. Hyperacidity
4. Anorexia
5. Heartburn
 Histamine-2 receptor antagonists/ H2 Antacids
blockers
Lowers stomach acid production Neutralizes acid in stomach
raise pH level to between 3 and
Longer-lasting relief 4Quicker relief
× Neutralize any stomach acid Less expensive
Antacids and H2 blockers should not be taken within 2 hours of each another
∵ antacid slows down effect of acid reducers
What is the side effect of taking in too much
antacid?
Aluminium hydroxide  weaken bones

Magnesium hydroxide (1) muscle cramping (2) diarrhea (3)

constipation

Sodium bicarbonate  (1) alkalosis (2) fatal metabolic

imbalance
 as antacid?
 immediate relief = illusion.
 Milk and cheese = high protein foods
 digested by protease enzymes.
stomach pumps out excess acid 
heartburn
hich one is more effective in treating upset stomach
quid antacid or tablet antacid?
Liquid antacids
∵ Relieves symptoms faster

•What is the danger of taking in antacid with

milk?
Milk
Contains lactic acid (2-hydroxypropanoic acid)
- Neutralizes base in antacid
- Forms salt with lactate ion (CH3CH(OH)COO−)
Loss of active ingredient on antacid
Reduces effectiveness
Comparison between different active ingredients:
Active Aluminium Magnesium Magnesium Sodium Calcium
ingredients hydroxide hydroxide hydroxide bicarbonate carbonate
& aluminium
hydrocide
Advantages Long- lasting Long-acting • Quick 1. Well 1. Fast
relief absorbed
• Long-lasting 3. Neutralizes
relief 2. Readily acids for a
available long time
• Less risk of
constipation 3. Neutralizes 3. Boosts
acids calcium
quickly intake
Disadvantages 1. Insoluble 1. Insoluble 1. Produces 1. Produces CO2
CO2 gas in gas in
3. Less readily 3. Less stomach stomach
absorbed readily
absorbed 3. Loses 3. Unpleasant
5. Dissolves effectivenes taste
slowly in s quickly
stomach

4. Causes
constipation
What are the uses of the other
ingredients in antacid?

(1) Flavors
(2) Sweetener Makes antacid more
palatable
(3) Fragrance
(4) Dye
(5) Binders
- Clay- like mineral
- Binds ingredients into solid tablet
- Absorbs water  prevent
degrading
 
 
 
If the antacid tablet did not dissolve completely in
the 0.1 M HCl solution, how can you explain this?
fillers
Inert ingredients × Dissolve in water
e.g. (1) Sweetener
(2) Antifoaming agents ( curb effusion /
effervescence)
 
Do the different fillers used to lengthen the tablet
shelf-life, provide flavor and hold the tablet
together make any difference on the ability of the
antacid to neutralize stomach acid?
No
∵ Neutralizing ability of antacid depends on active
ingredients
Why is solid weak acid added to the antacids?
Prevents acid rebound effect
Too much stomach acid is neutralized
 Stomach produces more acid
  Indigestion becomes more serious

Citric acid
- Compensates loss of stomach acid
The neutralizing strength is not the only factor for determining which antacid provides
the most relief for acid indigestion. What other factors should be considered?
• Taken (1) before meal
∵Food digestion affects absorption of drugs
 Lowers effectiveness
(2) one hour after meal
Prolongs effectiveness

• Inert ingredients causes allergy

• Chew antacid well before swallowing

∵ Fragments Large surface area Increase reaction rate  Enhances effectiveness
Who should take antacids?
•Patients (esp. elderly ) who take NSAIDs, aspirin and bisphosphonates
adverse drug reactions :
(1) gastrointestinal ulcer
(2) stomach bleeding
Take antacid  (1) Relieves GI upset
(2) Strengthens gastric mucosa

•Stomachache & nausea = temporary side effects

× Poses any risk of gastrointestinal ulcer or stomach bleeding
∴ × antacids
e.g. (1) Antibiotic
symptoms of gastrointestinal upset disappears after seven-day medication
(2) Digoxin----- treat cardiovascular diseases,
(3) Pills which enrich blood
(4) Tetracycline ----- treats inflammation caused by bacteria

•If antacids are taken

 Affects decomposition / absorption
 Reduces effectiveness
•stomachache = non-specific symptom
e.g. Patients with gastric ulcer
Temporary relieve of symptoms ( e.g. abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting)
Medication cease
 (1) Symptoms relapse
(2) Bleeding
(3) Anemia
(4) Death
∵delay of treatment

•Stomach upset continues after one-week antacid therapy

 Seek doctor’s advice

Apart from taking antacid, what else should be aware of?

Healthy diet
× Fatty food
× Spicy food
× Alcohol