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Chapter D6
Body Defenses and Disease
Table of Contents
Section 1 Disease Section 2 Your Bodys Defenses
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Chapter D6
Section 1 Disease
Bellringer
Brainstorm as many different names of diseases as you can. Dont forget to list both physical illnesses and mental illnesses. How do you think people get these diseases?
Record your answers in your science journal.
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Chapter D6
Section 1 Disease
Objectives
Explain the difference between infectious diseases and noninfectious disease.
Identify five ways that you might come into contact with a pathogen. Discuss four methods that have helped reduce the spread of disease.
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Chapter D6
Section 1 Disease
Causes of Disease
Some diseases, such as most cancers and heart disease, are not spread from one person to another. They are called noninfectious diseases. A disease that can be passed from one living thing to another is an infectious disease. Infectious diseases are caused by agents called pathogens.
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Chapter D6
Section 1 Disease
Pathways to Pathogens
Air Some pathogens travel through the air, such as when someone sneezes.
Contaminated Objects Drinking glasses, doorknobs, keyboards, combs, and towels that have been used by an infected person can all pass pathogens.
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Chapter D6
Section 1 Disease
Pathways to Pathogens, continued

Person to Person You can become infected with some illnesses by kissing, shaking hands, or touching the sores of an infected person. Animals Some pathogens are carried by animals.
Food and Water Bacteria growing in foods and beverages can cause illness.
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Chapter D6
Section 1 Disease
Putting Pathogens in Their Place

Pasteurization The method of using heat to kill bacteria is called pasteurization.
Vaccines and Immunity The ability to resist or recover from an infectious disease is called immunity. A vaccine is a substance that helps your body develop immunity to a disease.
Antibiotics An antibiotic is a substance that can kill bacteria or slow the growth of bacteria.
Chapter D6
Section 2 Your Bodys Defenses
Bellringer
Make a list in your science journal of all the different ways pathogens might enter the body. Is there anything that you do to avoid getting sick? Do you know of anything that your body automatically does to get rid of pathogens?
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Chapter D6
Objectives
Describe how your body keeps out pathogens. Explain how the immune system fights infections. Describe four challenges to the immune system.
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Chapter D6
First Lines of Defense

Your skin is made of many layers of flat cells. The outermost layers are dead. As a result, many pathogens that land on your skin have difficulty finding a live cell to infect.
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Chapter D6
Failure of First Lines

Sometimes, skin is cut or punctured and pathogens can enter the body. Cell parts in the blood called platelets help seal the open wound so that no more pathogens can enter. The cells and tissues that recognize and attack foreign substances in the body belong to the immune system.
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Chapter D6
Cells of the Immune System

Macrophages engulf and digest many microorganisms or viruses that enter your body.
T cells coordinate the immune system and attack many infected cells.
B cells are immune-system cells that make antibodies. Antibodies are proteins that attach to specific antigens.
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Chapter D6
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Chapter D6
Responding to a Virus
If virus particles enter your body, some of the particles may pass into body cells and begin to replicate. Other virus particles will be engulfed and broken up by macrophages. This is just the beginning of the immune response.
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Chapter D6
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Chapter D6
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Chapter D6 Fevers
A moderate fever of one or two degrees actually helps you get well faster because it slows the growth of some pathogens.
A fever also helps B cells and T cells multiply faster.
Chapter D6
Memory Cells
Memory B cells are cells in your immune system that remember how to make an antibody for a particular pathogen. If the pathogen shows up again, the memory B cells produce B cells that make enough antibodies in just 3 or 4 days to protect you.
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Chapter D6
Primary and Secondary Immune Response

Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
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Chapter D6
Challenges to the Immune System

Allergies happen when the immune system overreacts to antigens that are not dangerous to the body.
Autoimmune Disease is a disease in which the immune system attacks the bodys own cells. In an autoimmune disease, immune-system cells mistake body cells for pathogens.
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Chapter D6
Challenges to the Immune System, continued

Cancer is a disease in which the cells begin dividing at an uncontrolled rate and become invasive.
AIDS The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV infects the immune system itself, using helper T cells as factories to produce more viruses.
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Chapter D6
Concept Map
Use the terms below to complete the concept map on the next slide.
hemophilia pathogens immune system fungi
viruses protists infectious diseases noninfectious diseases
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Chapter D6
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Chapter D6
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End of Chapter D6 Show
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Chapter D6
Standardized Test Preparation
Reading
Read each of the passages. Then, answer the questions that follow each passage.
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Chapter D6
Passage 1 Bacteria are becoming resistant to many human-made antibiotics, which means that the drugs no longer affect the bacteria. Scientists now face the challenge of developing new antibiotics that can overcome the resistant strains of bacteria. Antibiotics from animals are different from some human-made antibiotics. Continued on the next slide
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Chapter D6
Passage 1, continued These antibiotics bore holes through the membranes that surround bacterial cells, causing the cells to disintegrate and die. Bacterial membranes dont mutate often, so they are less likely to become resistant to the animal antibiotics.
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Chapter D6
1. In this passage, what does mutate mean?

A to change B to grow
C to form
D to degrade
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Chapter D6
1. In this passage, what does mutate mean?

A to change B to grow
C to form
D to degrade
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Chapter D6
2. Based on the passage, which of the following statements is a fact? F Bacterial membranes are on the inside of the bacterial cell.
G Bacterial membranes are on the outside of the bacterial cell.

H All strains of bacteria mutate.
I Bacterial membranes never change.
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Chapter D6
2. Based on the passage, which of the following statements is a fact? F Bacterial membranes are on the inside of the bacterial cell.
G Bacterial membranes are on the outside of the bacterial cell.

H All strains of bacteria mutate.
I Bacterial membranes never change.
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Chapter D6
3. Based on the passage, which of the following sentences is false? A Antibiotics from animals are different from humanmade antibiotics.
B Antibiotics from animals bore holes in bacterial membranes.

C Bacterial membranes dont change very often.
D Bacteria rarely develop resistance to human-made antibiotics.
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Chapter D6
3. Based on the passage, which of the following sentences is false? A Antibiotics from animals are different from humanmade antibiotics.
B Antibiotics from animals bore holes in bacterial membranes.

C Bacterial membranes dont change very often.
D Bacteria rarely develop resistance to human-made antibiotics.
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Chapter D6
Passage 2 Drinking water in the United States is generally safe, but water lines can break, or treatment plants can become flooded, allowing microorganisms to enter the public water supply. Bacteria growing in foods and beverages can cause illness, too. Continued on the next slide
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Chapter D6
Passage 2, continued Refrigerating foods can slow the growth of many of these pathogens, but meat, fish, and eggs that are not cooked enough can still contain dangerous bacteria or parasites. Leaving food out at room temperature can give bacteria such as salmonella time to grow and produce toxins in the food. For these reasons, it is important to wash all used cooking tools.
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Chapter D6
1. Which of the following statements can you infer from this passage? A Treatment plants help keep drinking water safe. B Treatment plants never become flooded.
C Eliminating treatment plants would help keep water safe.

D New treatment plants are better than old ones.
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Chapter D6
1. Which of the following statements can you infer from this passage? A Treatment plants help keep drinking water safe. B Treatment plants never become flooded.
C Eliminating treatment plants would help keep water safe.

D New treatment plants are better than old ones.
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Chapter D6
2. Which of the following statements can you infer from the passage? F Bacteria that live in food produce more toxins than molds produce.
G Cooking food thoroughly kills bacteria living in the food.

H Some bacteria are helpful to humans.
I Illnesses caused by bacteria living in food are seldom serious.
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Chapter D6
2. Which of the following statements can you infer from the passage? F Bacteria that live in food produce more toxins than molds produce.
G Cooking food thoroughly kills bacteria living in the food.

H Some bacteria are helpful to humans.
I Illnesses caused by bacteria living in food are seldom serious.
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Chapter D6
3. According to this passage, what do pathogens cause? A disease B flooding C water-line breaks D water supplies
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Chapter D6
3. According to this passage, what do pathogens cause? A disease B flooding C water-line breaks D water supplies
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Chapter D6
Interpreting Graphics
The graph below shows the reported number of people living with HIV/AIDS. Use the graph to answer the questions that follow.
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Chapter D6
1. When did the number of people living with HIV/AIDS reach 5 million? A 1985 B 1986 C 1987 D 1988
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Chapter D6
1. When did the number of people living with HIV/AIDS reach 5 million? A 1985 B 1986 C 1987 D 1988
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Chapter D6
2. When did the number of people living with HIV/AIDS reach 30 million? F 1996 G 1997 H 1998 I 1999
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2. When did the number of people living with HIV/AIDS reach 30 million? F 1996 G 1997 H 1998 I 1999
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3. When was the rate of increase of people with HIV/AIDS the greatest? A from 1980 to 1982 B from 1984 to 1986 C from 1988 to 1990 D from 1998 to 2000
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3. When was the rate of increase of people with HIV/AIDS the greatest? A from 1980 to 1982 B from 1984 to 1986 C from 1988 to 1990 D from 1998 to 2000
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4. What percentage of the people who are infected with HIV do not yet have AIDS? F 10% G 24% H 75% I There is not enough information to determine the answer.
Chapter D6
4. What percentage of the people who are infected with HIV do not yet have AIDS? F 10% G 24% H 75% I There is not enough information to determine the answer.
Chapter D6
5. If the virus continued to spread as the graph indicates, in the year 2002, about how many people would be infected with HIV? A 30 million B 35 million
C 39 million
D 60 million
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Chapter D6
5. If the virus continued to spread as the graph indicates, in the year 2002, about how many people would be infected with HIV? A 30 million B 35 million
C 39 million
D 60 million
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6. Which part of the graph indicates the rate of infection? F x-axis G y-axis H slope of the line being graphed I number of years in the sample
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6. Which part of the graph indicates the rate of infection? F x-axis G y-axis H slope of the line being graphed I number of years in the sample
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Chapter D6
Math
Read each question, and choose the best answer.
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Chapter D6
1. Suppose you have 50,000 flu viruses on your fingers and you rub your eyes. Only 20,000 viruses enter your eyes, 10,000 dissolve in chemicals, and 10,000 are washed down into your nose. Of those, you sneeze out 2,000. How many viruses are left to wash down the back of your throat and possibly start an infection? A 50,000 B 10,000 C 8,000 D 5,000
Chapter D6
1. Suppose you have 50,000 flu viruses on your fingers and you rub your eyes. Only 20,000 viruses enter your eyes, 10,000 dissolve in chemicals, and 10,000 are washed down into your nose. Of those, you sneeze out 2,000. How many viruses are left to wash down the back of your throat and possibly start an infection? A 50,000 B 10,000 C 8,000 D 5,000
Chapter D6
2. In which of the following lists are the numbers in order from smallest to greatest? F 0.027, 0.072, 0.270, 0.720 G 0.270, 0.072, 0.720, 0.270 H 0.072, 0.027, 0.270, 0.720 I 0.720, 0.270, 0.072, 0.027
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Chapter D6
2. In which of the following lists are the numbers in order from smallest to greatest? F 0.027, 0.072, 0.270, 0.720 G 0.270, 0.072, 0.720, 0.270 H 0.072, 0.027, 0.270, 0.720 I 0.720, 0.270, 0.072, 0.027
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Chapter D6
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Chapter D6
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Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Standardized Test Prep

Image and Math Focus Bank

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Body Defenses and Disease

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Pathways to Pathogens, continued

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Putting Pathogens in Their Place

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Section 2 Your Bodys Defenses

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Section 2 Your Bodys Defenses

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Section 2 Your Bodys Defenses

First Lines of Defense

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Section 2 Your Bodys Defenses

Failure of First Lines

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Section 2 Your Bodys Defenses

Cells of the Immune System

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Section 2 Your Bodys Defenses

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Section 2 Your Bodys Defenses

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Section 2 Your Bodys Defenses

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Section 2 Your Bodys Defenses

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Section 2 Your Bodys Defenses

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Section 2 Your Bodys Defenses

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Section 2 Your Bodys Defenses

Primary and Secondary Immune Response

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Section 2 Your Bodys Defenses

Challenges to the Immune System

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Section 2 Your Bodys Defenses

Challenges to the Immune System, continued

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Body Defenses and Disease

hemophilia pathogens immune system fungi

viruses protists infectious diseases noninfectious diseases

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Body Defenses and Disease

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Body Defenses and Disease

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

End of Chapter D6 Show

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Standardized Test Preparation

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Standardized Test Preparation

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