Work

posture
Ovaku Work Posture Analysis
(OWAS)
Rapid Upper Limb Assessment
(RULA)
Rapid Entire Body Assessment
(REBA)
OW
AS
OWAS
Worksheet
Achieving at Grand Score to identify the Action
Level

Load / Force
Use:
1= </= 10 Kg
2= 10 – 20 Kg
3= > 20 Kg
R
ULA
Ref: Mc. Atamney et. Al.,
 Group
A

Upper Arm
Add 1 if shoulder is
raised
Add 1 if upper arm is
abducted
Subtract 1 if leaning
or supporting the
weight of the arm
Group
A

Lowe Arm
Add 1 if working
across the
midline of the
body or out of
 Group
A

Wrist
Add 1 if wrist is
bend away fro
the midline
RULA: Wrist twist
2. Mainly in mid range of twist
3. At or near end of the twisting
range
 Group
B

Neck
Add 1 if neck is twisting
Add 1 if neck is side
bending
 Group
B

Trunk
Add 1 if trunk is twisting
Add 1 if trunk is side
bending
 RULA:
Legs
1. Leg and fit are well supported
and in an evenly balanced
posture
2. Legs and feet are NOT are well
supported or NOT in an evenly
balanced posture
 RULA: Muscle use
Score

Raise the score by 1 if the posture

is
•Mainly static, e.g.held for longer than 1
minute
•Repeated more than 4 times per minute
 RULA: FORCE or LOAD Score

0 1 2 3
No 5-20 lb (2-10 5-20 lb (2-10 More than 20 lb
resistance or kg) kg) static or (10 kg) static or
less than 5 lb intermittent repeated repeated loads or
(2kg) load force load force forces. Shock or
intermittent forces with rapid
load force build-up
 Table A: Upper Limb Posture Score
UPPER LOWER WRIST
ARM ARM
1 2 3 4
WRIST TWIST WRIST TWIST WRIST TWIST WRIST TWIST
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3
3 2 3 2 3 3 3 4 4
2 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4
2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4
3 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 5
3 1 2 3 3 3 4 4 5 6
2 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 5
3 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5
4 1 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5
2 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5
3 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6
1 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 7
5
2 5 6 6 6 6 6 7 7
3 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 8
6 1 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 9
2 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9
3 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
Table B: Neck, Trunk, Legs Posture Score

TRUNK POSTURE SCORE

NECK 1 2 3 4 5 6
POSTURE
SCORE LEGS LEGS LEGS LEGS LEGS LEGS
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
1 1 3 2 3 3 4 5 5 6 6 7 7
2 2 3 2 3 4 5 5 5 6 7 7 7
3 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 7
4 5 5 5 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 8 8
5 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
6 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9
Table C: Grand Score Table

SCORE D (NECK, TRUNK, LEG)

TABLE C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7+
1 1 2 3 3 4 5 5
2 2 2 3 4 4 5 5
3 3 3 3 4 4 5 6
SCORE C 4 3 3 3 4 5 6 6
(UPPER 5 4 4 4 5 6 7 7
LIMB)
6 4 4 5 6 6 7 7
7 5 5 6 6 7 7 7
8+ 5 5 6 7 7 7 7
 Action Level
•Action level 1- a score of 1 or 2
indicates that posture is acceptable if it
is not maintained or repeated for long
periods
•Action level 2- a score of 3 or 4
indicates that further investigation is
needed and changes may be required
•Action level 3- a score of 5 or 6
indicates that investigation and changes
are required soon
•Action level 4- a score of 7 indicates
that investigation and changes are
R
EBA
Ref: Hignett, S., Mc Atamney,
 Trun
k
Movement Score Change
Score:
Upright 1

00 – 20 0 flexion 2
00 – 20 0
extension + 1 if
200 – 600 flexion 3
twisting or
> 200 extension
side flexed
> 600 flexion 4

Neck
Movement Score Change
Score:

00 - 200 flexion 1
+ 1 if
twisting
> 200 flexion or in 2 or side
extension flexed
 Legs
Position Score Change
Score:
Bilateral weight 1 + 1 if knee (s)
bearing, walking or between 300
sitting and 600
Unilateral weight 2
bearing Feather flexion
weight bearing or an + 2 if knee (s)
unstable posture are > 600
flexion (n.b.
not for siting)
Upper
Arm
Position Scor Change Score:
e
20 0 extension to 20 0
1
flexion +1 if arm is:
> 200 extension 2 •Abducted
200 – 450 flexion •Rotated
450 - 900 flexion 3 + 1 if shoulder is
raised
-1 if leaning,
> 900 flexion 4
supporting weight
of arm or if
posture is gravity
assisted
 Lower
Arm
Movement Score

600 – 1000 flexion 1

< 600 flexion or > 1000 2

flexion

Wrist
Movement Score Changes
Score:
00 – 150 flexion / 1
extension + 1 if
wrist is
> 150 flexion / 2 deviated
extension or twisted
 Load / Force Score
0 1 2 +1
<5kg 5 – 10 > 10 kg Shock or rapid
kg buildup

Load coupling Score

0 (Good) 1 (Fair) 2 (Poor) 3 (unacceptable)

Well – fitting Handhold acceptable Handhold not Awkward, unsafe grip, no
handle and a but not ideal acceptable, handles
midrange power Or although Or
grip possible
Coupling is acceptable Coupling is unacceptable
via another part of the using other parts of the
body body

Activity
Score
Score Description
+1 If one or more body pars are static, e.g., held for longer than 1 min
+1 If repeated small – range actions occur, e.g., repeated more than 4 times
per minute (not including walking)
+1 If the action causes rapid large – range changes in postures or an unstable
base
 Table A: Scoring for body parts A (Trunk, Neck,
Legs) Neck

1 2 3

Legs 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

Trunk
1 1 2 3 4 2 2 3 4 3 3 5 6

2 2 3 4 5 3 4 5 6 4 5 6 7

3 2 4 5 6 4 5 6 7 5 6 7 8

4 3 5 6 7 5 6 7 8 6 7 8 9

5 4 6 7 8 6 7 8 9 7 8 9 9
Table B: Scoring for body parts B (Upper Arms, Lower Arms,
Wrists) Lower Arm
1 2
Wrist 1 2 3 1 2 3
Upper
Arm
1 1 2 2 1 2 3
2 1 2 3 2 3 4
3 3 4 5 4 5 5
4 4 5 5 5 6 7
5 6 7 8 7 8 8
6 7 8 8 8 9 9
Table C: Grand
Score GROUP B SCORE

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
G 1 1 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 7 7 7
R 2 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 6 6 7 7 8
O 3 2 3 3 3 4 5 6 7 7 8 8 8
U 4 3 4 4 4 5 6 7 8 8 9 9 9
P 5 4 4 4 5 6 7 8 8 9 9 9 9
A 6 6 6 6 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 10 10
7 7 7 7 8 9 9 9 10 10 11 11 11
S 8 8 8 8 9 10 10 10 10 10 11 11 11
C 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 12
O 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 12
R 11 11 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
E 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
 REBA Action
Levels
REBA Risk Action Action (Including Further
Score Level Level Assessment)
1 Negligibl 0 None Necessary
2–3 e
Low 1 May be Necessary
4–7 Medium 2 Necessary
8 – 10 High 3 Necessary Soon
11 – 15 Very High 4 Necessary Now