Energy Systems Diagramming: A Systems Language... Symbols, Conventions and Simulation

Emergy & Complex Systems Day 1, Lecture 1.
Energy Systems Diagramming

A Systems language...symbols, conventions and simulation
What is a system?
A system is a group of parts which are connected and work together. Systems with living and nonliving parts are called ecosystems (which is short for ecological systems). (Odum, Odum, and Brown, 1997)
Why a systems language?

To convert non-quantitative verbal models to more quantitative, more accurate, more predictive, more consistent, and less confusing network diagrams
Understanding systems
Understanding environment and society as a system means thinking about parts, processes, and connections.
To help understand systems, it is helpful to draw pictures of networks that show components and relationships.
Visualizing systems
With a system diagram, we can carry these system images in the mind. And learn the way energy, materials, and information interact. By adding numerical values for flows and storages, the systems diagrams become quantitative and can be simulated with computers.
Systems Language
ENERGY SYSTEMS SYMBOLS

System Frame A rectangular box drawn to represent : the boundaries of the system selected.
Symbols continued...
Pathway Line: a flow of energy, often with a flow of materials.
SOURCE: outside source of energy; a forcing function .
STORAGE: a compartment of energy storage within the system storing quantity as the balance of inflows and outflows
INTERACTION: process which combines different types of energy flows or material flows to produce an outflow in proportion to a function of the inflows.
PRODUCER: unit that collects and trnasforms low-quality energy under control interactions of higher quality flows. .
CONSUMER: unit that transforms energy quality, stores it, and feeds it back autocatalytically to improve inflow
TRANSACTION: a unit that indicates the sale of goods or services (solid line) in exchange for payment of money (dashed line). SWITCHING ACTION: symbol that indicates one or more switching functions where flows are interrupted or initiated. BOX: miscellaneous symbol for whatever unit or function is labled.
Systems are organized hierarchically
Language Conventions.
sources arranged according t o t heir qualit y
Component s arranged wit hin boundary according t o t heir qua lit y
Used
Energy
Procedures for Drawing a Systems Model

1. 2. Draw the frame of attention that selects the boundary Make a list of the important input pathways that cross the boundary
3.
4.
Make a list of the components believed to be important

Make a list of the processes believed to be important within the defined system.
5.
6.
Remember that matter is conserved.

Check to see that money flows form a closed loop within the frame and that money inflows across the boundary lead to money outflows. Check all pathways to see that energy flows are appropriate.
7.
8. If color is used, the following are suggested:

Yellow sunlight, heat flows and used energy flows Blue circulating materials of the biosphere such as water, air, nutrients Brown geological components, fuels, mining Green environmental areas, producers, production Red consumers (animal and economic), population, industry, cities Purple - money
9. If a complex diagram has resulted (> 25 symbols), redraw it to make it neat and save it as a useful inventory and summary of the input knowledge. Redraw the diagram with the same boundary definition, aggregating symbols and flows to obtain a model of the desired complexity (perhaps 3-10 symbols).
(Odum and Odum, 1996)
Diagramming Conventions.
Production & Consumptiona simple ecosystem.
Feedback
Energy Source
Producer
Consumer
A more complex diagram of a forest...
.
Nut rient s
Posit ive
Nut rient Recycle
Feedback
Sunlight Plant s
Bi o mass
Bi o mass Wild lif e
Forest
Ecosyst em
Used Energy
Adding more complexity...
. .
Goods & Serv ices
Purchases
Nut rient s
Nut rient Recycle
Cut t ing Market s
Posi t i ve
Feedback
X
Bi o mass Wild lif e Sales
Sunlight Plant s
Bi o mass
Forest
Ecosyst em
Used Energy
A generic ecosystem...
H2O N
Species
H2O
Nutrients
Biodiv ersit y
Sunlight Plant s
Bi o mass
B
Consumers
O.M.
Ecosyst em
Used Energy
.
Nut rient s
Posit ive
Nut rient Recycle
Feedback
Bi o mass Plant s
Bi o mass Wild lif e
A city & support region...

Fuel Goods
Services
People
Nat ural Ecosyst ems

Renewable Sources
Commerce & Industry
Inf raStructure
Gov't
People
Ag r ic ult ur e
Green Space
Waste
Cit y Support Region
Ecological Engineering
Environment al Recycle Env iron. Sources Service t o Nat ure Reserves Prices Self designed Environment al Product ion Economic $ Uses & Values Added, Human Design Impact s Market s Prices Purchased Input s Goods Services Fuels
St ress
Consumers
Wast es Ecological Engineering Int erface
Coupling humanity and environment
.
Tid al Energy
Geologic Processes
3. 1. 2.
So ils, Wood
Fuels, Materials
Recy cle
St ock Pile
Assets
Sunlig ht
Environment al Syst ems

Economic Syst ems
Wastes
Picture Mathematics.
Drawing systems diagrams explicitly writes mathematical equations expressing relationships between flows and storages
Rain Ra W Water k9 k2 B Sun Jo J k0 R k3 Producers k5 k4 k6 Consumers k7 k8 k1
dW/dt = Ra - K2*R*W - K1*W dB/dt = k3*R*W - k4*B*A - k5*B dA/dt = k6*A*B - k7*A*B - k8*a
Flowsare the result of FORCES
The units of energy flows are powerJoules/time The units of material flows are rates kg/time
J1
J1 = k1*E
Rate of Change Equation
Rate of change of the storage Q is equal to the inflows minus the outflows...
Q E J1 J3 J2
dQ/dt = J1 - J2 - J3 J1 = k1*E J2 = k2*Q J3 = k3*Q dQ/dt = k1*E - k2*Q - k3*Q
Simulation of TANK model
mjc - 10/99 Difference Equations dQ/dt = J - K1*Q Initial Stores and Calibrated Coeffs. Stores and Flows Calibration J= 4 J 4.00 Q= 0 Q 80.00 K1 = J1/Q 0.05 J1 4.00
TANK
Q J1
Time Days 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Sources J 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Storages Q 0.00 4.00 7.80 11.41 14.84 18.10 21.19 24.13 26.93 29.58 32.10 34.50 36.77 38.93 40.99 42.94
Flow s J1 = K1*Q 0.00 0.20 0.39 0.57 0.74 0.90 1.06 1.21 1.35 1.48 1.61 1.72 1.84 1.95 2.05 2.15
Increment dQ/dt 4.00 3.80 3.61 3.43 3.26 3.10 2.94 2.79 2.65 2.52 2.39 2.28 2.16 2.05 1.95 1.85
J = So urce Q = Sto rage Quantity
90.00 80.00 70.00 60.00
Storages Q
Stored Quantity
50.00 40.00 30.00 20.00 10.00 0.00 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Time, Days
Equational structureconsumer
Q J2 E G 100 J4 J1 J3
dQ/dt = J1 - J2 - J3 - J4 J1 = k1*E*Q J2 = - k2*E*Q J3 = - k3*Q J4 = - k4*Q dQ/dt = k1*S*Q - k2*S*Q - k3*Q - k4*Q
Simulation model EXPO mtb -9/99
J2 E G Q 100 J1 J3
dq/dt= k1*E*Q-k2*E*Q-k3*Q k1= 0.1 E= k2= 0.03 Q= k3= 0.05 Time 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Q 4 4 4.08 4.162 4.245 4.33 4.416 4.505 4.595 4.687 4.78 4.876 4.973 5.073 5.174 5.278 k1*E*Q 0.4 0.408 0.4162 0.4245 0.433 0.4416 0.4505 0.4595 0.4687 0.478 0.4876 0.4973 0.5073 0.5174 0.5278 k2*E*Q 0.12 0.1224 0.1248 0.1273 0.1299 0.1325 0.1351 0.1378 0.1406 0.1434 0.1463 0.1492 0.1522 0.1552 0.1583
1 4
dQ/ dt = J1 J1 = J2 = J3 = - J2 - J3 k1* E* Q - k2* E* Q - k3* Q
k3*Q 0.2 0.204 0.2081 0.2122 0.2165 0.2208 0.2252 0.2297 0.2343 0.239 0.2438 0.2487 0.2536 0.2587 0.2639
dQ/ dt = k1* S* Q - k2* S* Q - k3* Q
Modeling Definitions
Model a simplified concept within the human mind by which it visualizes reality.
System can be defined as a set of parts and their connected relationships.
(Odum and Odum, 1996)
Steady State when the storages and patterns in an open system become constant with a balance of inflows and outflows.
Equilibrium refers to any constant state, but generally refers to a closed system when the storages become constant.
Aggregation simplifying a system, not fragmentation

5 to 20 units Include energy and material budgets Representation of levels of energy hierarchy Include feedback pathways
Calibration giving a model numerical values
Validation - Compare what is known about the real systems performance
Sensitivity - Analysis of how sensitive outcomes are to changes in the assumptions.
Steps in Developing and simulating a model.
The usual approach
Steps in Developing and simulating a model Energy Systems approach
Modeling.
Wetland hydrology
Modeling.
System Diagram of Wetland Hydrology
Modeling.
WATER DEPTH (meters)
Sun 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.001 1.002 1.002 1.003 1.004 1.005 1.007 1.008
Q 0.102 0.101 0.098 0.095 0.109 0.106 0.103 0.109 0.106 0.103 0.100 0.097 0.094
Rain Runin 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.014 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.007 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Recharge 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
ET 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002
Outflow 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Height(m) 0.102 0.101 0.098 0.095 0.109 0.106 0.103 0.109 0.106 0.103 0.100 0.097 0.094
WETLAND WATER LEVEL

0.5000 0.4000 0.3000 0.2000 0.1000 0.0000 -0.1000 1 33 65 97 129 161 193 225 257 289 321 353 DAY

Energy Systems Diagramming: A Systems Language... Symbols, Conventions and Simulation

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Descrizione originale:

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Energy Systems Diagramming: A Systems Language... Symbols, Conventions and Simulation

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Emergy & Complex Systems Day 1, Lecture 1.