PLAIN AND REINFORCED CONCRETE - III

PLAIN AND REINFORCED CONCRETE - III

Credit Hour No of Lectures ---------------- 3-0 ---------------- 48

Module Assessment No of class tests ---------------- 2 No of quizzes --------------- 5-6 No of assignments ---------------- 4-6

WEIGHTAGE
CLASS TEST QUIZZES ASSIGNMENTS FINAL = = = = 40 % 15 % 5 % 40 %

MODULE CONTENTS
1. Eccentrically Loaded Columns 2. Design of Continuous Beams 3. Design of Isolated & Combined Footings 4. Design of Cantilever Retaining Wall 5. Two way Slabs -Moment Co-efficient method 6. Bond Anchorage & Development Length 7. Introduction to Pre-stressed & Precast Concrete 8. Design of Multi-storey RC Building

BOOKS
1.Design of Concrete Structures 14th edition by Arthur H. Nilson, David Darwin & Charles W. Dolan 2.Fundamentals of Reinforced Concrete by N.C. Sinha & S.K. Roy 3.Reinforced Concrete Design by Edward G. Nawy 4.ACI Standard 350 5.ACI Code 318-08, PCA Notes 6.Properties of Concrete 3rd edition by A.M. Neville 7.Concrete Construction Handbook 2nd edition by Joseph J. Waddell 8. Reinforced Concrete Design by J. Macrregor

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GENERAL Any member which carries axial compressive load will be defined as compression member irrespective of the fact whether simultaneous bending is present or not. All columns are subject to bending moment (B.M.) about one or both axes which may be due to end restraint arising from monolithic placement of floor beams and columns or due to accidental eccentricity from imperfect alignment or variable materials or due to imbalanced floor loads or due to lateral loads.

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Column is often used interchangeably with the term compression member. Most column type include arch rib, rigid frame member, compression member in buildings, bridges, water tanks, trusses, shells or a portion there of. In building columns, the ratio of length to cross section width, L/h ranges from 8 to 12. With increasing use of high strength concrete, more slender members are becoming common these days than before. Columns may be divided into two broad categories:

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short column, for which the strength is governed by the strength of materials and geometry of the cross section and slender column, for which the strength may be significantly reduced by lateral deflection. Most columns can be designed as short columns. Failure of a column often produces extensive damage and are therefore designed with a higher factor of safety. A column can be square, rectangular, triangular, hexagonal, octagonal, or circular in cross section.

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Types of columns. Columns contain two types of reinforcements i.e. longitudinal reinforcement and lateral reinforcement. Columns are generally designated by the type of reinforcement they carry. Size of longitudinal reinforcement varies from # 4 to # 18 bar. Tied column. These are normally square or rectangular in cross section and have minimum 4 longitudinal bars. These bars are braced or tied laterally by closed loops called ties normally # 3 or # 4 in size. Spiral column. These have minimum of 6 bars

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arranged in a circular pattern and are wrapped in a closely spaced helix or spiral or small wires. Normally # 3, # 4 and # 5 bars are used as spiral. Composite Column. Composite Column may contain a structural steel shape surrounded by longitudinal bars with ties or spiral or may consist of high strength steel tubing filled with concrete or a steel pipe so filled. Tied and spiral column are most common form and may be either circular, octagonal, square or rectangular in cross section. Tied column can also be L _ shaped.

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Function of ties or spiral. Lateral reinforcement which may be in the form of ties or spiral, serves several functions. It holds the longitudinal bars in position in form while concrete in being placed. It prevents the buckling of longitudinal reinforcement by bursting thin concrete cover. Common type of bars and tie arrangement. Fig 13.8.1 shows the common types of longitudinal bars and tie arrangement. In members with large axial force and small B.M., longitudinal bars are placed more or less uniformly around the column perimeter.

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When B.M is large, much of the longitudinal steel is concentrated at maximum distance from the axis of bending. For provision of large steel areas, #14 and #18 bars are fabricated for use in column only. If more area is required, the bars may be bundled. Provisions of ACI code. Spacing Limits of Reinforcement. (ACI 7.6.3)

Clear distance between longitudinal bars in tied and spiral column shall be not less than 1.5 db nor less than 1.

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Concrete cover.( ACI 7.7.3) Minimum concrete cover in beams and columns to primary flexural reinforcement, ties, stirrups and spiral shall be not less than 1.5db nor less than 1. Design Strength. (ACI 10.3.6)

Design axial strength Pn, reinforcement shall be taken as

For tied column, Pn will not exceed,

with

spiral

Pn max=0.85 [0.85 fc (Ag _ Ast) + Ast * fy] Pn max=0.80 [0.85 fc (Ag _ Ast) + Ast * fy ]

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Design dimensions of comp member. (ACI 10.8) Effective cross section of compression member with 2 or more spiral shall be taken as outer dimension of spiral + concrete cover. For comp members built monolithically with walls. Effective cross section is equal to outer dimension of spiral / ties + 1 outside the spiral / tie. Limits of Reinforcement. (ACI 10.9) Longitudinal Reinforcement. 1_ 8 % of gross area of column.

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Minimum number of bars. ACI 10.9.2. 4, for rectangular or circular column with ties, 3, for column with triangular ties. 6, for spiral column. Spiral Reinforcement. ACI 10.9.3. volumetric spiral reinforcement ratio s, shall not be less than the value given by equation, s = 0.45 (Ag/Ac _1)fc/fy for fy less than or equal to 60 ksi. Lateral reinforcement.

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Spiral. (ACI 7.10.4) Spiral shall be evenly spaced Minimum diameter of spiral = 3/8. Clear spacing between spiral 1 3 Anchorage of spiral at each end by 1 turn. Lap splice of spiral by 48 db or 12 or welded. Spiral held firmly by spacers. Ties (ACI 7.10.5) Minimum diameter of tie is #3, for #10 and smaller longitudinal bars and #4 for #11, #14, #18 and bundled longitudinal bars. Vertical spacing between ties shall not exceed, 16db or 48dt or least dimension of column.

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Ties shall be arranged such that every corner and alternate longitudinal bar shall have a lateral support provided by the corner of the tie with included angle of not more than 135 and no bar is farther than 6 clear from such a supported bar. See figure 13.8.1. Where longitudinal bars are located around the perimeter of a circle, a complete circular tie may be used. First tie shall be located not more than tie spacing above top of footing or slab in any storey.

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Slenderness effect. (ACI 10.12.2) For members braced against side sway, the effect of slenderness may be neglected if Klu/r < (34 12 M1/M2) < 40 For members not braced against side sway, the slenderness may be ignored if klu/r<22 (ACI 10.13.2)

If Klu/r >100, an analysis is required

(ACI 10.11.5)

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Spiral Columns
Design Procedure
1.Loads Pu=1.2 D+1.6 L 2.Gross Area of Column. Pu = 0.85 Ag [0.85 fc(1_ g)+. g fy] if column size is not known, the value of g is usually given or may be assumed between 2- 4 %. = 0.75 for spiral column Ag is calculated from above equation.

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Column size Dg is then calculated from Ag and rounded up to multiple of 2 or 3. For the selected value of Dg, find new value of Ag. Ag = /4 * Dg2 3.Area of steel. If size of column is known or calculated from step 2, find Ast from the formula Pu = 0.85 [0.85 fc(Ag _ Ast) + Ast.fy] Select suitable bar size and number of bars. Find Ast provided for selected bars.
4.Check for g .

g= Ast/Ag.

0.08 g 0.01

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5.Lateral reinforcement. s = 0.45(Ag/Ac _1) fc/fsy and spacing of spiral, S = 4Asp/Dc.s 3.0 S 1.0 where Dc = outside diameter of spiral = Dg _ 2x cover (cover = 1 min) Ac = Area of core concrete Asp = Area of spiral steel fsy = yield stress of spiral steel 6.Design sketch. Draw elevation and cross section to show dimensions and reinforcement details including concrete cover.

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Compression plus bending of rectangular column Column carry compression but bending is always present on one or both axes. When a member is subjected to an axial load P, and a moment M, it is convenient to replace the axial load and moment with an equal load P, applied at an eccentricity e such that e = M/P. The two loadings are statically equivalent.

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All columns can thus be classified in terms of equivalent eccentricity. Those having a small eccentricity are generally characterized by compression over the entire cross section and if overloaded will fail by crushing of concrete accompanied by yielding of steel on more heavily loaded side. Columns with large eccentricity are subjected to tension over at least a part of the section and if overloaded will fail due to tensile yielding of steel. Analysis of a cross section. The figure below shows a column cross section

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loaded with Pn, applied at an eccentricity. The strength and strain diagram resulting from above load at incipient failure is also shown.

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Equilibrium requires that external forces be equal to the internal forces Pn = 0.85 fc.b.a + As.fs _ As.fy Moment about centroid of tension steel of external forces must be equal and opposite to the moment of internal forces. Pn x e = 0.85 fc.b.a.(d _ a/2) + As.fs (d _ d) Eccentricity is normally referred from centroid of the section or mid plane section but for taking moments it is more convenient to measure it from centroid of tension steel.

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Large eccentricity. For large eccentricities, failure is initiated by yielding of tension steel (As). Hence fs = fy. When concrete reaches the ultimate strain u, the compression steel may or may not have yielded and this must be determined from compatibility of strain. Small eccentricities. For small eccentricities, the concrete will reach its limit strain u , before the tension steel starts yielding; in fact in certain cases bars may be in compression rather than in tension and analysis must be made based on compatibility of strain. The corresponding equations for the case shown are given below.

Pn = 0.85 fc.b.h + As.fy + As.fs Pn.e =0.85 fc.b.h (d _ h/2)+As.fy (d _ d) And when the eccentricity is zero. Pn = 0.85 fc.b.h + Ast.fy

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Balanced eccentricity. For any cross section of given dimensions and material strength values, there is one specific eccentricity eb, such that a force applied at that distance will cause failure by simultaneous yielding of tensile steel and crushing of concrete. The subject load is referred to as balanced load Pnb. Load larger than Pnb, applied at an eccentricity smaller than eb, cause compression failure. Load smaller than Pnb, applied at an eccentricity larger than eb cause tension failure.

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For balanced conditions, cb/0.003 = d /(y+0.003) cb = 0.003.d /(0.003+y). put y = fy / Es and Es= 29x106 cb = 87000.d /(87000+fy) = 87.d / (87+fy) fy in ksi Pnb= 0.85fc.b.ab+As.fs_ As.fy where ab=1.cb 0.85 1 0.65

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In most cases, compression steel also yields and Pnb = 0.85 fc.b.ab To find balanced eccentricity, take moment about tension steel. Assuming fs = fy Pnb.eb = 0.85 fc.b.ab. (d _ ab/2)+As.fy (d _ d) Where eb is eccentricity from centroid of tension steel. Substitute all values and find eb. eb = eb_ (d _ d)/2 In any cross section the value of a varies depending on Pn, Mn or e. In compression failure case the value of c may be larger than cb and in case of tension failure case, value of c is smaller than cb.

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Column Strength Interaction Diagram
For a given cross section and material strength a column interaction diagram has the general shape as shown in figure below. Any point on the curve such as a represent a pair of values of Pn and Mn which according to the nominal strength theory will fail the member. The curve starts at o with strength Po of a concentrically loaded member. Portion ob of the curve pertains to the range of small eccentricity in which failure is initiated by crushing of concrete.

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Point b on the curve represents a balanced condition i.e. there will be a simultaneous failure by crushing of concrete and yielding of steel. Portion bc represents a range in which failure is initiated by yielding of tension steel.
Point c on the curve refers to moment capacity, Mo in simple bending when Pn = 0 Any inclined line through the origin has a slope, the reciprocal of which gives centroidal eccentricity corresponding to the particular combination of ultimate value of Pn and Mn. Eccentricity = Mn / Pn

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For any eccentricity, there is a unique pair of values of Pn and Mn that will produce the state of incipient failure. Load and moment combination lying inside the curve will not cause failure.
It may be noted that in the region of compression failure i.e. ob, larger the axial load Pn, smaller is the moment Mn, where as in the region of tension failure reverse is true i.e. larger the axial load larger the moment capacity. Presence of axial compression increases the moment capacity as long as tension governs the failure.

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Strength reduction factor/ACI Code safety provision Strength reduction factor in a column depends on the type of lateral reinforcement. ACI Code 9.3.2 = 0.65 for tied column = 0.75 for spiral column Strength reduction factor in compression is lower than that for flexure ( = 0.90) and shear ( = 0.85) due to the following reasons. Strength of under reinforced beam is not much affected by variation in strength of concrete. Strength of beam depends on amount and strength of steel and that of column on strength of

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concrete. Cylinder strength of concrete is less closely controlled than mill produced steel. In addition columns are poured in deep lift and are liable to segregation there by resulting in loss of strength. Conduits are left in the column rather than in beams and hence reduce the cross sectional area of column. Failure of column is more catastrophic than failure of a beam in a floor system. In tension failure range with large eccentricity, ACI Code 9.3.2.2 permits that may be increased from

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0.70 or 0.75 to 0.90 (pure bending). It is true for low values of axial compression (0.1 fc.Ag. or Pb).
At the other extreme, strength of column with very small eccentricity is limited to 0.80Po or o.85Po, where Po is the strength of axially loaded column with zero eccentricity. It is to account for accidental misalignment in construction or eccentricity due to other unforeseen factors. ACI Code 10.3.6

The shape of column strength interaction diagram is accordingly modified as under.

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Design Example Column Interaction Diagram

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Design Aids.
The design of an eccentrically loaded column using the strain compatibility method of analysis require that a trial section be selected. The trial section is then investigated to determine if it was adequate to carry any combination of load Pu and moment Mu that may act on it. Further more an economical design would require that controlling combination of Pu and Mu be close to the limit curve. If these conditions are not satisfied, a new column section is selected for trial.

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Design curves have been prepared by ACI and CRSI. They cover most frequent practical cases i.e. symmetrically reinforced rectangular and square columns and circular spirally reinforced column. Graph A-5 to A-16 are representative of column design charts. Normally charts are designed for different values of fc, fy and concrete cover. Similarly charts are available for different pattern of reinforcement.

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Design charts are similar to interaction diagram of compression plus bending but instead, they are plotted between Pn/Ag and Mn/Ag h. Families of curve are plotted for various values of g=Ast/Ag. They are used, in most cases in conjunction with different eccentricity ratio, e / h. One typical curve is shown in figure A-11.

Design chart used by ACI Special Publication SP-7

for Ultimate Strength Design of Reinforced Concrete Columns is also shown in figure.

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Charts such as these permit the direct design of eccentrically loaded column throughout the column range of strength and geometric values. They may be used in one of the two ways as follows
Appropriate interaction diagram is first selected based on the following data.

Pattern of steel reinforcement

fc fy

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Column Design when Column size is known
(1)Select trial dimension b and h. (2)Calculate the ratio, , based on required cover to the bar centroid and select corresponding column design chart. (3)Calculate Pu/Ag and Mu /Ag h. (4)From the chart, read the value of steel ratio g for the values found in (3) above. (5)Calculate the total steel area, Ast = gb.h and select suitable no of bars and bar size.

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Column Design for a given Steel Ratio (1) Select the steel ratio g (2) Choose a trial value of h. Calculate e/h and . (3) From the graph, read Pu/Ag and calculate the required Ag. (4) Calculate b = Ag/h (5) Revise the trail value of h if necessary, to obtain a well proportioned section. (6) Calculate the total area of steel , Ast = g b.h The use of design chart is best explained with the help of design examples.

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BIAXIAL BENDING The methods discussed so far permit rectangular or square column to be designed if bending is present about one of the principle axes. There are situations in which axial compression is accompanied by simultaneous bending about both principle axes of the section. Such is the case for instance, in corner column of a building in which beam and girder frame into column in two perpendicular planes. Similar loading may occur at interior column if the column layout is irregular (unequal spans or loadings).

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A simpler approximate method for analysis of a biaxially loaded column, called Bresliers reciprocal load method is as under:1/Pn= 1/Pnxo+1/Pnyo 1/Pno where Pn = Ultimate load in biaxial bending with eccentricity ex and ey. Pnyo= Ultimate load when ex is present (ey =0) Pnxo= Ultimate load when ey is present (ex =0) Pno= ultimate load for axially loaded column

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SLENDER COLUMNS
Most columns in the present day practice are short columns whose strength is governed entirely by the strength of the materials and geometry of the cross section. With increasing use of high strength materials and improved methods of design, it is possible to design a much smaller cross section than in the past, making it a more slender column. Column is said to be slender if its cross sectional dimensions are small compared to its length and is generally expressed in terms of k l/r.

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Members of great slenderness will collapse under a smaller compressive load than a stocky member of the same cross sectional dimensions. Columns subjected to B.M along with axial loads are laterally deflected between its ends and may also result in relative lateral displacement of joints. This

produces secondary moments that add to the primary

moments and may become large for slender column, leading to failure.

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A practical definition of a slender column is one for which there is a significant (more than 5%) reduction in axial load capacity. ACI Code contains detailed provisions regarding

design

of

slender

column

which

presents

approximate method for accounting for slenderness through the use of moment magnification factor. A second order analysis may also be carried out using computer. It is also known as P effect.

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Analysis of tied column using design aids Analysis of column compression failure case Analysis of column tension failure case Design of tied column using design aids Design of column compression failure case Design of column tension failure case Design of a rectangular tied column with bars on four faces Check strength of column using Whitneys formula Design of spiral column subjected to bending moment

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