INDICPP

IND IC AT ORS
& p H C UR VES
A guide for A level students
KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING
Indicators
INTRODUCTION
This Powerpoint show is one of several produced to help students understand
selected topics at AS and A2 level Chemistry. It is based on the requirements of
the AQA and OCR specifications but is suitable for other examination boards.
Individual students may use the material at home for revision purposes or it may
be used for classroom teaching if an interactive white board is available.
Accompanying notes on this, and the full range of AS and A2 topics, are available
from the KNOCKHARDY SCIENCE WEBSITE at...
www.argonet.co.uk/users/hoptonj/sci.htm
Navigation is achieved by...

either clicking on the grey arrows at the foot of each page
or using the left and right arrow keys on the keyboard
Indicators
CONTENTS
• Acid-base indicators - theory
• Titration curves - introduction
• Titration curve; strong acid - strong base
• Titration curve; strong acid - weak base
• Titration curve; weak acid - strong base
• Titration curve; weak acid - weak base
• Titration curve; acid - carbonate
• Titration curve; phosphoric acid
• Check list
Acid-base indicators
General Many indicators are weak acids and partially dissociate in aqueous solution
HIn(aq) H+(aq) + In¯(aq)
The un-ionised form (HIn) is a different colour to the anionic form (In¯).
Apply Le Chatelier’s Principle to predict any colour change
In acid - increase of [H+]

- equilibrium moves to the left to give red undissociated form
In alkali - increase of [OH¯]

- OH¯ ions remove H+ ions to form water; H+(aq) + OH¯(aq) H2O(l)
- equilibrium will move to the right to produce a blue colour
Apply Le Chatelier’s Principle to predict any colour change
In acid - increase of [H+]

- equilibrium moves to the left to give red undissociated form
In alkali - increase of [OH¯]

- OH¯ ions remove H+ ions to form water; H+(aq) + OH¯(aq) H2O(l)
- equilibrium will move to the right to produce a blue colour
Summary In acidic solution
In alkaline solution
Must have an easily observed colour change.

Must change immediately in the required pH range
over the addition of ‘half’ a drop of reagent.
COLOUR CHANGES OF SOME COMMON INDICATORS
pH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
METHYL ORANGE CHANGE
LITMUS CHANGE
PHENOLPHTHALEIN CHANGE
Must have an easily observed colour change.

Must change immediately in the required pH range
over the addition of ‘half’ a drop of reagent.
To be useful, an indicator must

change over the “vertical” section
of the curve where there is a large
change in pH for the addition of a
very small volume of alkali. PHENOLPHTHALEIN
The indicator used depends on LITMUS

the pH changes around the end
point - the indicator must change
METHYL ORANGE
during the ‘vertical’ portion of the
curve.
In the example, the only suitable

indicator is PHENOLPHTHALEIN.
pH curves
Types There are four types of acid-base titration; each has a characteristic curve.
strong acid (HCl) v. strong base (NaOH)
weak acid (CH3COOH) v. strong alkali (NaOH)
strong acid (HCl) v. weak base (NH3)
weak acid (CH3COOH) v. weak base (NH3)
In the following examples, alkali (0.1M) is added to 25cm3 of acid (0.1M)
End points need not be “neutral‘ due to the phenomenon of salt hydrolysis
pH 1 at the start
due to 0.1M HCl
(strong
monoprotic acid)
Very little pH change

during the initial 20cm3
pH 1 at the start
due to 0.1M HCl
(strong
monoprotic acid)
Very sharp change in pH

over the addition of less
than half a drop of
NaOH

pH 1 at the start
due to 0.1M HCl
(strong
monoprotic acid)
Curve levels off at pH 13

due to excess 0.1M NaOH
(a strong alkali)
Very sharp change in pH

over the addition of less
than half a drop of
NaOH

pH 1 at the start
due to 0.1M HCl
(strong
monoprotic acid)
PHENOLPHTHALEIN
LITMUS
METHYL ORANGE
Any of the indicators listed will be suitable - they all change in the ‘vertical’ portion

due to excess 0.1M NH3
(a weak alkali)
Sharp change in pH over

the addition of less than
half a drop of NH3

pH 1 at the start
due to 0.1M HCl
PHENOLPHTHALEIN
LITMUS
METHYL ORANGE
Only methyl orange is suitable - it is the only one to change in the ‘vertical’ portion
weak acid (CH3COOH) v. strong base (NaOH)

due to excess 0.1M NaOH
(a strong alkali)
Sharp change in pH over

the addition of less than
half a drop of NaOH
Steady pH change
pH 4 due to 0.1M
CH3COOH (weak
monoprotic acid)
weak acid (CH3COOH) v. strong base (NaOH)
PHENOLPHTHALEIN
LITMUS
METHYL ORANGE
Only phenolphthalein is suitable - it is the only one to change in the ‘vertical’ portion

due to excess 0.1M NH3
(a weak alkali)
NO SHARP
CHANGE IN pH
Steady pH change
pH 4 due to 0.1M
CH3COOH (weak
monoprotic acid)
Types
PHENOLPHTHALEIN
LITMUS
METHYL ORANGE
NOTHING SUITABLE
There is no suitable indicator- none change in the ‘vertical’ portion.

The end point can be detected by plotting a curve using a pH meter.
Other pH curves - acid v. carbonate
Sodium carbonate reacts with hydrochloric acid in two steps...
Step 1 Na2CO3 + HCl ——> NaHCO3 + NaCl
Step 2 NaHCO3 + HCl ——> NaCl + H2O + CO2
Overall Na2CO3 + 2HCl ——> 2NaCl + H2O + CO2
There are two sharp pH changes
The second addition of HCl is exactly

the same as the first because the
number of moles of HCl which react
with the NaHCO3 is the same as that
reacting with the Na2CO3.
17.50cm3 35.00cm3
First rapid pH change around pH = 8.5

due to the formation of NaHCO3 .
Can be detected using phenolphthalein
First rapid pH change around pH = 8.5

due to the formation of NaHCO3 .
Can be detected using phenolphthalein
Second rapid pH change around pH = 4

due to the formation of acidic CO2 .
Can be detected using methyl orange.
Other pH curves - polyprotic acids (H3PO4)
Phosphoric acid is triprotic; it reacts with sodium hydroxide in three steps...
Step 1 H3PO4 + NaOH ——> NaH2PO4 + H2O
Step 2 NaH2PO4 + NaOH ——> Na2HPO4 + H2O
Step 3 Na2HPO4 + NaOH ——> Na3PO4 + H2O
There are three sharp pH changes
Each successive addition of

NaOH is the same as equal
number of moles are involved.
pH of H3PO4 = 1.5
pH of NaH2PO4 = 4.4
pH of H3PO4 = 1.5
pH of Na2HPO4 = 9.6
pH of NaH2PO4 = 4.4
pH of H3PO4 = 1.5
pH of Na3PO4 = 12
pH of Na2HPO4 = 9.6
pH of NaH2PO4 = 4.4
pH of H3PO4 = 1.5
REVISION CHECK
What should you be able to do?
Recall the definition of a weak acid

Understand why indicators can be made from weak acids
Understand why indicators must change colour quickly over a small pH range
Recall and explain the shape of titration curves involving acids and bases
Explain why particular indicators are used for certain titrations
Explain the shape of the titration curve for phosphoric acid
Explain the shape of the titration curve for acid -sodium carbonate reactions
CAN YOU DO ALL OF THESE? YES NO

You need to go over the
relevant topic(s) again
Click on the button to
return to the menu
WELL DONE!
Try some past paper questions
IND IC AT ORS
& p H C UR VES
THE END
© 2004 JONATHAN HOPTON & KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING

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• Titration curves - introduction

• Titration curve; strong acid - strong base

• Titration curve; strong acid - weak base

• Titration curve; weak acid - strong base

• Titration curve; weak acid - weak base

• Titration curve; acid - carbonate

• Titration curve; phosphoric acid

Apply Le Chatelier’s Principle to predict any colour change

In acid - increase of [H+]

In alkali - increase of [OH¯]

Apply Le Chatelier’s Principle to predict any colour change

In acid - increase of [H+]

In alkali - increase of [OH¯]

Summary In acidic solution

HIn(aq) H+(aq) + In¯(aq)

Must have an easily observed colour change.

COLOUR CHANGES OF SOME COMMON INDICATORS

Must have an easily observed colour change.

To be useful, an indicator must

The indicator used depends on LITMUS

In the example, the only suitable

strong acid (HCl) v. strong base (NaOH)

weak acid (CH3COOH) v. strong alkali (NaOH)

strong acid (HCl) v. weak base (NH3)

weak acid (CH3COOH) v. weak base (NH3)

In the following examples, alkali (0.1M) is added to 25cm3 of acid (0.1M)

Very little pH change

Very sharp change in pH

Very little pH change

Curve levels off at pH 13

Very sharp change in pH

Very little pH change

Curve levels off at pH 10

Sharp change in pH over

Very little pH change

Curve levels off at pH 13

Sharp change in pH over

Curve levels off at pH 10

There is no suitable indicator- none change in the ‘vertical’ portion.

There are two sharp pH changes

The second addition of HCl is exactly

There are two sharp pH changes

First rapid pH change around pH = 8.5

There are two sharp pH changes

First rapid pH change around pH = 8.5

Second rapid pH change around pH = 4

There are three sharp pH changes

Each successive addition of

Recall the definition of a weak acid

CAN YOU DO ALL OF THESE? YES NO

© 2004 JONATHAN HOPTON & KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING

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