DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

ANDHRA PRADESH
Name : A.V.VENUGOPAL.
Designation : Lecturer.
Branch : ECE.
Institute : G.P.W, Hindupur.
Semester : Third.
Subject : Analog communication.
Code : EC-305.
Topic : Transmission line and wave propagation.

Sub-topic : transmission line impedance matching

device.
Duration : 50Mts.
Teaching Aids : PPTs,Diagrams.
EC305.64 1
Objectives:

Upon completion of this period, you would be able to:

• Know the types of impedance matching methods.
• Know the details of
stub matching,
Quarter wave transformer.

EC305.64 2
Recap

• Transmission line has distributed parameters R,L,C and

G along the entire length of the line.
• Transmission lines are characterized by its characteristic
impedance z0 and propagation constant ‘p’.
• Transmission lines behaves as resonant circuit
depending on the length and termination.
• contd..

EC305.64 3
• When the load impedance is equal to the complex
conjugate of the source impedance then maximum
power transfer occurs.

• Mismatch results in power being reflected back to the

source.

• For best results the load is match to the characteristic

impedance z0 of the line.

• Matching networks are added to correct the mismatch.

EC305.64 4
 Impedance matching

• A Transmission line is a connecting link, between a

transmitter and an antenna or between an antenna and
a receiver .

• Maximum power transfer takes place when they are

properly matched.
contd..

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• λ/4 line with short circuit behaves like a parallel resonant
circuit and has maximum impedance.

• λ/2 length line behaves as a series resonant circuit and

has minimum impedance.

• A quarter wave line produces a phase change of 90º

where as half wave sections shifts the phase by 180º.

EC305.64 6
Various types of
matching networks can be constructed using

1.Matching transformer
2.A Balun network.
3.Lumped components.
4.λ/4 transmission line sections
5.Wave guide components.
• Matching networks are some times broad band, but often
they are narrow band pass filter

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 Matching using transformer

• A transformer can be used to match impedance when

the load impedance is real as shown in fig
• RF transformer, usually torroidal , using ferrite or
powdered iron cores are used .
• The impedance ratio is the square of the turns ratio of
the transformer.
• Transformers are useful for connecting balanced lines to
unbalanced lines, Since there is no electrical connection
between windings.
contd..

EC305.64 8
Fig:Matching using transformer

EC305.64 9
Balun:
• Balun is used for matching balanced and unbalanced
impedances.

• Balun is commonly found on the back of many television

sets.

• It is usually employed for matching a 75Ω coaxial line to

the 300 ohms receiver input as shown in fig.(a),(b).

• Bifilar windings are used to stimulate the 150Ω

transmission line sections.

EC305.64 10
Balun
• Two quarter wave sections combined to make a
balancing and impedance transforming unit.

• Fig . (a) balun to match between 75Ω unbalanced and

300Ω balanced impedances.

EC305.64 11
Fig. (b) Balun details
EC305.64 12
 Quarter wave matching section

• A quarter wave section can be used for matching two

unequal impedances zr and zl.

• The characteristic impedance z0 of the quarter wave

section z0=√zrzl.

• Fig 64.3 illustrates impedance matching using a quarter

wave matching section.

EC305.64 13
• Antenna with an impedance 70 ohms is matched to a
300 ohms transmission line by a quarter wave section.

• Length of the quarter wave section can be estimated

using the expression

λ/4(meters)=vf [80/f(MHz)]

Where vf is the velocity factor which varies between 0.6 to

0.8

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 Quarter wave transformer for matching

• Fig
quarter wave 75Ω antenna
Matching section λ/4 z0=150Ω
Z0=√zrzl

z0=300Ω

EC305.64 15
 Expression for Zo of λ/4 transformer

l=λ/4 ө=п/2
Zs=z0 [z2cosө+jz0sinө/z0cosө+jz2sinө]
=z0[(z2cosп/2+jz0sinп/2)/(z0cosп/2+jz2sinп/2)]
Zs=z0.z0/z2
z02=z1.z2
Z0=√z1.z2
i.e. the product of the input impedance z1and the load
impedance z2is equal to the square of the characteristic
impedance z0of the line.

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• The quarter wave length transformer transforms a load
impedance z2 that is smaller than z0 into a value z1that is
larger than z0.

• A λ/4 transformer has the disadvantage that it is

sensitive to change in frequency.

• Impedance inversion is possible with a quarter wave line.

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Inference from Zo :

• The quarter wave length transformer transforms a load

impedance z2 that is smaller than z0 into a value z1that is
larger than z0.

• A λ/4 transformer has the disadvantage that it is

sensitive to change in frequency.

• Impedance inversion is possible with a quarter wave line.

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Matching using lumped components:

By adding reactive components at appropriate distances

the impedance of an antenna can be made purely
resistive and it can be brought to the correct value

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 Stub matching
• A small section of transmission line used as matching
section by inserting between load and the source is
know as stub.

• It is used instead of inductors and capacitors at VHF and

UHF frequencies

• In general stubs are placed in parallel with main line

rather than in series.

• Stub acts as a reactance network connected in parallel

with line at the place where it is connected
contd..

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• The length and characteristic impedance z0 of the line
remain unaltered by the addition of stub.

• Adding and adjusting the impedance is easier.

• There are two types of stub matchings.

f) Single stub matching.
g) Double stub matching.

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Single stub matching:

Fig . single stub matching

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• Line is has a characteristic admittance y0 terminated in a
pure conductance yr.

• The input admittance (looking toward) the load varying

from a maximum conductance through a parallel
combination of conductance and inductance ,to a
minimum conductance, a parallel combination of
conductance and capacitance, a maximum conductance
and so on.
contd..

EC305.64 23
• The cycle repeats itself for every λ/2.

• When the line is transversed from the point of maximum

conductance to that of minimum conductance, there will
be a point at which the real part of the admittance is
equal to the characteristic admittance.

• If a suitable susceptance obtained by using a short

circuit line (called stub) is added in shunt at this point ,
anti resonance occur and matching is achieved.

EC305.64 24
• There may be a mismatch existing between this point
and the load over this short length. So it is necessary
that the stub is located near to the load as possible.

• The characteristic admittance of the stub so connected

in shunt should be the same as that of the main line.

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 Disadvantages of single stub matching

• Single stub matching is useful for a fixed frequency only.

As the frequency changes the location of the stub have
to be changed.

• Single stub matching is a narrow band system.

• Placement of stub at a point, where place may be

undesirable from mechanical view point

• For coaxial cable it is not possible to determine location

of a voltage minimum which create a problem of
identifying the exact place of the stub.
EC305.64 26
 Double stub matching

• In double stub matching two short circuited stubs are

used.

• Length of the stubs are adjustable independently.

• Position of the stubs are fixed.

• Impedance matching over wide range of frequency can

be obtained by using double stub matching.

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 Matching double stub

Fig. Double stub matching.

EC305.64 28
 Summary

1. Impedance matching is essential for maximum power

transfer.
2. Various matching networks can be constructed using
a. Matching transformer.
b. Balun network.
c. Lumped components.
d. λ/4 transmission line section and
e. Wave guide component
3. Balun is used for matching 300Ω balanced and 75Ω
unbalanced impedances.
4. A quarter wave section can be used for matching two
unequal impedances zr and zl

EC305.64 contd.. 29
• The characteristic impedance z0of the quarter wave
section is z0=√z1. z2.

6. By adding reactive components at appropriate distances

the impedance of an antenna can be matched and
made purely resistive.

7. A small section of transmission line used as matching

section by inserting between load and the source is
known as stub.

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8. Single stub matching is useful for a fixed frequency only.

9. In double stub matching the position of the stubs are

fixed, but the lengths are adjustable independently.

10. Impedance matching over a wide range of frequency is

obtained by using double stub

EC305.64 31
 Quiz

1. To couple a coaxial line to a parallel wire line, it is best

to use a
b. Slotted line.
c. Balun .
d. Directional coupler.
e. Quarter wave transformer.

Ans . d

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2.Impedance matching over wide range of
frequency can be obtained by using

c. Double stub.
d. Single stub.
e. Quarter wave transformer.
f. None of these.

Ans . a

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3.Impedance inversion may be obtained with

c. A short circuit stub.

d. An open circuit stub.
e. A quarter wave line .
f. A half wave line.

Ans . c

EC305.64 34
 Frequently asked questions

1. Explain various methods of matching used with

transmission lines?

3. a. explain single stub matching?

b. what are the disadvantages of single stub matching

and how they are over comed in double stub
matching?

EC305.64 35