DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

ANDHRA PRADESH
Name : V.S.RAMANJAM
Designation : Lecturer
Branch : Electronics & Communication Engg
Institute : SGPR Govt Polytechnic, Kurnool.
Year / Semester : IIIrd Semester
Subject : Analog Communication
Subject Code : EC305.
Topic : Introduction Communication Systems
Duration : 50 Mts
Sub Topic : Distortion in Transmission
Teaching Aids : Diagrams
EC305.9 1
Objectives

On completion of this period you will be able to understand

• Types of Distortions.

• Measures to achieve Distortionless Transmission System.

EC305.9 2
RECAP

• By using different methods either by TDM / FDM signals

are sent from Transmiter at one place to a long distance

of Receiver at another place.

• By the transmission and Reception shall we get the

exact original signal at Receiver as it is sent- at

Transmitter?

• This point leads to study of Distortion

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 DISTORTION

INTRODUCTION
• In any communication system, a practical receiver can not produce
the exact signal due to many reasons.

• There will be a Time delay due to distance over which

communication takes place.

• Due to this there may also be a change in the amplitude of the

signal.

• Thus other changes in the base band signal may result in

“Distortion”, which has a corrupting effect on the signal.
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TYPES OF DISTORTION

TYPES OF DISTORTIONS

HARMONIC DISTORTIONS

INTER MODULATION DISTORTION

NON-LINEAR PHASE RESPONSE

NOISE

INTERFERENCE
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 HARMONIC DISTORTIONS

• This is caused when harmonics of some base band

components are added to the original signal

INTERMODULATION DISTORTION

• This is caused by additional frequency components

generated by combining the frequency components on
the original signal.

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NON-LINEAR PHASE RESPONSE

• This happens when some base band components are

amplified more than others.

NOISE
• It is added either by Transmitter or by Receiver. But
main source of noise is channel. Noise adds to the signal
and masks it.

INTERFERENCE

• This is caused when multiple signals use the same

transmission medium.
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Measures For Distortion- Less Transmission
Introduction

• Digital communication has the ability to reduce noise and

distortion.
• In analogue Systems, noise and distortion tend to
accumulate.
• If the frequency response of a channel is known,
equalization in the form of filters can be used to
compensate.
• If harmonic distortion, Intermodulation and noise are
present, it is difficult to remove them completely from
“Analog Signal”.
• Certain amount of Immunity against distortion and noise
can be built in “Digital Schemes”.
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 MEASURES FOR
DISTORTION LESS TRANSMISSION
The following measures are usually adopted to minimize
the effects of Distortion.

3. Pulses generate wide bandwidth signals. In order for

square wave to be transmitted and received without
distortion and degradation all the sidebands must be
passed by antennas and transmitting and receiving
circuits.

2. In AM, an excessively high voice signals causes over

modulation and severe distortion of the signal. If the
amplitude is limited, the over modulation will not occur.
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3. For voice communication systems, special speech
processing circuits have been developed to provide for
increased amplification of low level audio current while at
the same time limiting the peaks. This process is known
as “Dynamic compression”.

• In modern transmitters speech processing is

achieved with digital circuits. A special chip known as
‘DSP’ (Digital Signal Processor) is used to perform
various tasks such as limiting, filtering and compression.

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4. Any amplitude variations occurring on the F.M. Signal
are effectively clipped off by the use of limiter circuits.

5. Noise has a greater effect on the higher modulating

frequencies than on the lower ones.

• Thus, of the higher frequencies were artificially

boosted at the transmitter and correspondingly cut at
the receiver, an improvement in the noise immunity
could be expected.
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SUMMARY

• From this topic it is concluded that noise / distortion is

less in Digital Systems Compare to analog system.

• Noise cannot be completely eliminated.

• Various steps to be taken for minimization of noise are

also studied.

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QUIZ

EC305.9 13
• Digital communication system.
Distortion is less in ______

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2.When the harmonics of base band components are
added to the original signal, then Harmonic distortion
takes place.

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3.Interference is caused due t multiple signals use the
same transmission medium.

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4.Due to over modulation Noise increases

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EXAMINATION QUESTION

1. What are the measures that should be taken to

minimize distortion and noise.

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