DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

ANDHRA PRADESH
Name : Dr. BYRI PRABHAKAR
Designation : Sr. Lecturer
Branch : D.C.C.P
Institute : SRRS Govt. Polytechnic, Sircilla
Year/Semester : IV Semester
Subject : Quantitative Techniques-II
Subject Code : CCP – 403
Topic : Matrices
Duration : 50 min.
Sub Topic : Multiplication of Matrices
Teaching aids : PPT, Animations

CCP403.69 1
Objectives

On completion of this period, you would be

able to know
 Multiplication of matrices
 Solve the problems of Multiplication of Matrices
 Know the properties of multiplication

CCP403.69 2
Recap
So far you have learnt
 Different types of matrices
 Scalar Multiplication
 Matrix Addition
 Matrix Subtraction
 Properties of Matrix Addition

CCP403.69 3
Known to Unknown
Can you add any two matrices?
 No, two matrices of same order can only be added
What is additive inverse?
 if –A is the negative matrix of A such that –A+A=0
then, –A is called Additive Inverse of A
What is distributive law of matrix addition?
 kA + k B = k (A+B) or (m + n ) A = m A + n A

CCP403.69 4
Multiplication of Matrices

 If A and B are two matrices such that the no. of

columns of A is equal to no. of rows of B then A
and B are said to be comfortable for multiplication

 In other words, A and B can be multiplied only if

number of columns A is equal to no. of rows of B

CCP403.69 5
Multiplication of Matrices contd

Ex :
 5 2 3  4 3 1
A =  B= 
 2 1 3   2 1 3 
23
 5 2 4  33

The no. of columns in A=3

The no. of rows in B=3
So, A and B can be multiplied. i.e. AB is defined

CCP403.69 6
 Multiplication of Matrices contd

Pl. observe that B x A is not possible here

B =  4 3 1
 2 1 3
A=  5 2 3
   2 1 3
 5 2 4 
  23
33
because the no. of column of B=3
no. of rows of A = 2 they are not
equal, hence
BA is not
defined
i.e. Matrix multiplication is not cumulative
But if A & B are square matrices AB and BA is
possible
In general AB # BA CCP403.69 7
Procedure to multiply A and B ( i.e. to
find AB )
 No. of columns of A should be equal to no.of rows
of B
 The elements of 1st row of A are multiplied with the
corresponding element of 1st column of B
 Find the sum of these products to arrive the 1st
element of 1st row of resulting matrix.

CCP403.69 8
Procedure to multiply A and B ( i.e. to
find AB )
 Then the elements of 1st row of A are multiplied
with the corresponding element of 2nd column of
B
 Find the sum of these products to arrive the 2nd
element of first row of resulting matrix
 Continue the process for all columns of B

CCP403.69 9
Multiplication of Matrices Procedure contd

 The elements of 2nd row of A are multiplied with

the corresponding elements of 1st column of B
and find sum of these product. That is the first
element of 2nd row of resulting matrix
 Then the elements of 2nd row of A are multiplied
with the corresponding elements of 2nd column of
B and find the sum to arrive the 2nd element of 2nd
row of resulting matrix
 Continue the process for all rows & columns

CCP403.69 10
Multiplication of Matrices Procedure contd

 The order of AB=no.of rows of A x no.of col.of B

 i.e. A2 x 3 X B3 x 2 = AB2 x 2

Ex. A =  a b B=  p q
 c d  r s
   
1st row of A x 1st column of B i.e. axp + bxr
repeat this for other column of B
2nd row of A x 1st column of B i.e. cxp + dxr
repeat this for other column of B
A x B =  ap  br aq  bs 
 cp  dr cq  ds 
 
CCP403.69 11
 Multiplication of Matrices Procedure contd

To Clarify more clearly

Take A =  a a12  B =  b11 b12 b13 
11
   
 a21 a22  22
 b21 b22 b23  23

Since the no. of column of A = no. of rows of B, AB is

defined

A 2x2 x B 2x3 = D 2x3  d11 d12 d13 

=
 
 d 21 d 22 d 23  23

CCP403.69 12
Multiplication of Matrices Procedure contd

 To find d11 find the product of elements of 1st row

of A and 1st column of B and find sum

 a11 a12   b11 * *   a11b11  a12b21 * * 

∴     
 * *   b21 * *   * * *
 To find d12 find sum of element of I row of A and
2nd column of B
 a11 a12   * b12 *   * a11b12  a12b21 * 
    
 * *   * b22 *   * * *

CCP403.69 13
Multiplication of Matrices Procedure contd

 To find d21 -- II row A x I col. B and find sum

 * *   b11 * *   * * *
    
 a21 a22   b21 * *   a21b11  a22b21 * * 
 Continue the process for all rows of A and all
column of B
AxB=
 a11 a12   b11 b2 b13 
   
 a21 a22   b21 b22 b23 

CCP403.69 14
 Multiplication of Matrices Procedure contd

 a11b11  a12b21 a11b2  a12b22 a11b3  a12b23 

=  
 a21b11  a22b21 a1b12  a22b22 a21b13  a22b23 
= I row x I col. I row x II col. I row x III col.
II row x I col. II row x II col. II row x III col.

CCP403.69 15
Multiplication of Matrices Procedure contd

Ex: If A = 2 1 4 1x3 B = 3 then Find AB

1
2 3x1
Sol:
Since the No.of col.of A = no.of row of B, AB is defined
and the resulting Matrix AB is of 1x1 matrix
2 1 4

x 3
x 1
x 2
i.e  2  3   1 1   4  2   AB   15 
CCP403.69 16
Multiplication of Matrices Procedure contd

Now let us see some problems

If A = 1 1 B = 1 3 and C = 1 1 then
-2 3 4 5 2 1
verify A (BC) = (AB) C
Sol: i) B x C = 1 3 x 1 1 = 1x1+3x2 1x1+3x1 7 4
4 5 2 1 4x1+5x2 4x1+5x1 14 9

A(BC) = 1 1 7 4 = 1x7+1x14 1x4+1x9 21 13

-2 3 14 9 -2x7+3x14 -2x4+3x9 28 19

CCP403.69 17
Multiplication of Matrices Procedure contd

ii) AB =
 1 1   1 3   1 1  1 4 1 3  1 5   5 8 
  
∴  2 3   4 5   2 1  3  4 2  3  3  5   10 9 
   
(AB)C =
 5 8   1 1  5 1  8  2 5 1  8  1   21 13 
       
 10 9   2 1   10  1  9  2 10  1  9  1   28 19 
A (BC) = (AB) C
i.e. Matrix Multiplication is Associative

CCP403.69 18
Multiplication of Matrices Procedure contd

If A= 1 2 B= 2 1 C= 5 1
3 4 4 2 7 4
show that (A+B)C=AC+BC
Sol:
i) A+B = 1 2 + 2 1 = 1+2 2+1 = 3 3
3 4 4 2 3+4 4+2 7 6

(A+B)C = 3 3 X 5 1 = 3x5+3x7 3x1+3x4 = 36 15

7 6 7 4 7x5+6x7 7x1+6x4 77 31

CCP403.69 19
Multiplication of Matrices Procedure contd

 ii) AC= 1 2 x 5 1 = 1x5+2x7 1x1+2x4 = 19 9

3 4 7 4 3x5+4x7 3x1+4x4 43 19

BC = 2 1 x 5 1 = 2x5+1x7 2x1+1x4 = 17 6
4 2 7 4 4x5+2x7 4x1+2x4 34 12

AC+BC = 19 9 + 17 6 = 36 15
43 19 34 12 77 31

Therefore (A+B)C = AC+BC

Multiplication is distributive with respect to addition

CCP403.69 20
Continued
 If A = 2 3 4 I=1 0 0 Find of A I
1 2 3 0 1 0
5 4 2 0 0 1

2x1+3x0+4x0 2x0+3x1+4x0 2x0+3x0+4x1

AxI = 1x1+2x0+3x0 1x0+2x1+3x0 1x0+2x0+3x1
5x1+4x0+2x0 5x0+4x1+2x0 5x0+4x0+2x1

2 3 4
= 1 2 3 = A
5 4 2

Therefore A x I = A
Matrix I is called multiplicative Identity

CCP403.69 21
Continued
 If A+B = -1 2 3 and A-B = 1 1 1
2 1 -1 2 -1 1 determine A,B
0 1 2 0 0 1
Sol:
Add A+B
A-B
2A

-1 2 3 1 1 1 0 3 4
(A+B) + (A – B) = 2A 2 1 -1 + 2 -1 1 = 4 0 0
0 1 2 0 0 1 0 1 3

CCP403.69 22
 Continued

0 3/2 2
 A= 2 0 0
0 ½ 3/2

To find out B = deduct A from A + B

-1 2 3 0 3/2 2 -1 ½ 1
i.e. B = A+B-A = 2 1 -1 - 2 0 0 = 0 1 -1
0 1 2 0 ½ 3/2 0½ ½

-2 1 2
= ½ 0 2 -2
0 1 1 CCP403.69 23
Properties of Matrix multiplication
 Matrix multiplication is not commutative
i.e. A x B ≠ B x A
 A is any square Matrix then AI = IA = A where I is
a unit Matrix of order A : Matrix I is called
Multiplicative Identity
 Matrix multiplication is Associative
A(BC) = AB(C)
 Matrix multiplication is distributive with respect to
matrix Addition
A(B+C) = AB + AC
CCP403.69 24
Summary
We have discussed the matrix multiplication
 A x B is possible, only if the no. of columns of A
is equal to no. of rows in B
 The procedure to multiply the matrixes
 The properties of multiplication

CCP403.69 25
Quiz
1. What is the multiplicative identity of a 2 x 2 matrix.

 1 1  1 0  0 0  0 1
a)
  b)  0 1  c)  0 0  d)  1 0 
 1 1      

CCP403.69 26
Quiz
2. Matrix multiplication is a commutative
 True
 False

CCP403.69 27
Quiz

3. AB is defined only if no. of columns of A is

equals to ________________

Ans. No. of rows of B

CCP403.69 28
 Assignment

1. If A = 2 -1 and B= 2 find the matrix X

4 -3 -3
such that AX = B
2. If A = 3 4 B= 3 1 C= 8 2
2 8 4 3 1 3
show that i) ( A+ B)C = AC + BC
ii) (AB)xC = A x (BC)
8. If A =  3 2 1 B =  1 2 1
   
2 1 2
 1 5 4  
 2 3 7   1 2 1
   
find the AB and BA
CCP403.69 29
Frequently Asked Questions
1. If A = 6 7 ; B = 1 2 find AB and BA
8 9 3 4

2. Find the product of [ 1 2 3 ] and 0

-1
2

CCP403.69 30
Frequently Asked Questions
1) X =  2 1 2 1 Y =  0.1 
   
 1 3 6 2  0.3 
 4 3 4 1  0.1 
   
 0.2 
 5 1 3 2
Calculate XY
6) If A =  2 1  and B =  1 1
   
 5 3  3 2 
find the Products AB and BA. Is AB=BA?

CCP403.69 31