The VIDEO medium

Characteristics, Applications and Techniques

What is VIDEO?
the electronic capture and storage and display of moving pictures on a screen. The screens can now be computer, television, cell phone, projection, or mp3 type device.

Video storage
On .. Videocassette CD (compact disk) DVD (digital versatile disk) Hard drive (e.g. computer) Internet

What is television?
A system for the distribution of video material to different points via the following: wireless antenna, cable, satellite, phone and Internet networks. Television therefore uses video technology and material but it is only one application of them.
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Educational uses of video

Present content Introduce topics Provide remediation Provide enrichment Can be used in all the domains and for various specific applications.

Cognitive domain learning

Bring abstract concepts to life by illustrating them. Present information in visual rather than just verbal form such as events, processes, relationships, techniques, people.

Motor domain learning

Show how things work and how they are done. Video demonstrations often more effective than live ones. Endless repetition of steps in procedure for practice and mastery. Procedure display options - real time, speeded up, slowed down, or frozen in time. .
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Affective domain learning

Video communicates emotion well. Role models and dramatization can influence attitudes, encourage desirable behaviour.

Interpersonal domain learning

Effective for building interaction and relationship skills. Can be done through demonstration, role play, modeling, analysis. Recording of practice can be very useful. Examples are conflict resolution, teamwork, peer interaction, decisionmaking, research, intra-group communication.
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Educational applications of video

Electronic field trips:- site cannot be visited owing to risk, cost, distance, restricted access etc. Documentary:- capture actual events and processes, situations and people. Dramatization:-presentations of events are made absorbing through drama e,g. modelling of attitudes, professional conduct.
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Educational applications (contd)

Demonstrations of procedures and techniques impractical in classroom or lab; that need to be viewed repeatedly; need to be viewed at than normal speed. Simulation of normally invisible or hidden technical operations/processes. Illustration and analysis of issues or themes re health, safety, environment, conservation etc.
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When to use video

In sum, use video to enhance learning by... ...learning to share ideas. ...learning about a process ...risk-free observation of events. ...dramatization. ...learning about skills for a task ...learning about others. ...problem solving
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Types of video
Video images converted from analog to digital for use in a computer. Analog images are in the form of waves. Digital images - binary form: 1s and 0s ---------------------------------------------------------- Analog is displayed via scans. Digital via dots of varying colour and light intensity.
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Digital video advantages

No loss of quality in editing, copying,

storage, replay, transfer between computers. 500 lines of resolution twice rate of videocassette. Cheaper , easier recording, field or studio. Can be edited on computer. Varying replay speeds. High speed transfer computer.
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Digital video formats

1. DVD (digital video disk). 2. Computer-based video HD stored 3. Internet video 4. Compressed video 5. Streaming video

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1. DVD
Same size as CD; offers digital recording and playback of full-motion video. Can hold almost 9 hrs of video with high quality sound. Random access, durable. No distortion slow motion. No deterioration over time.
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2. Computer video
Can be used by both students and teachers. Images captured can be processed and stored on computer. Research content can be captured , edited and presented to class and others. Voice, other sound can be recorded and used.
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3. Internet video
Sites like Yahoo present news, sports and cultural items via video clips. Some use compressed video record selected parts of each frame i.e. those that move or change in some way. Less data thus needs to be saved resulting in smaller files. Video streaming is also used for Internet video.
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5. Video streaming
Download of whole file not necessary to to start displaying. Video starts playing when link selected. Video delivered in packets just before material is seen -(or heard - music sites stream music constantly). Content not stored on computer streamed as soon as you select it and then instantly erased.
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Analog video format

A videotape format, usually on video cassette. Widely used for news, sports, and amateur video. Tapes in 8mm, half-inch and mini-DV sizes for different cameras. Display via VCR+TV, projector + screen Not suitable for computer display, but can be made digital i.e. digitized.
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Video features
Manipulation of time Manipulation of space Animation Synchronized sound and motion Colour (real life and simulated) Inexpensive and random access (digital) Cost effective storage (digital)

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Video advantages
Motion capability, compared to stills. Effective process display. Risk-free observation. Dramatization of human interaction. Skill learning via practice and observation. Affective learning via emotional impact of medium.

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Video advantages (Contd)

Problem solving by showing situations. Share common experience by group viewing. Affective learning because of emotional impact of medium.

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Video limitations
Fixed pace and sequence(analog type). Not good for still visual study. Can be misinterpreted by young learners. Not ideal for abstract, non-visual content. Expense, skills needed for high quality. Projection equipment still costly. Suitable material not readily available.

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Evaluating video material

Before use, assess material in terms of suitability for learners match to lesson objectives quality of content technical features

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Evaluation areas
1. Introduction statement of aims, objectives and audience. 2. Development a)Topic coverage. b) Programme pace and length c) Learning activities included. d) Transitions and subtopics. e) Purpose - instruct, inform, motivate f) Review/summary at the end.
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Evaluation areas
3. Technical

Visuals communicate well. Picture and sound quality acceptable. Convincing acting.

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