LNKNG WORDS LNKNG WORDS

RELAT!vE
PRONOUNS
WHO / THAT WH!CH / THAT WHOSE
PREPOS!T!ON
+ WHON
or
+WH!CH
(Formal)
LNKNG WORDS LNKNG WORDS
RELAT!vE ADvERBS
WHEN / THAT WHERE WHY / THAT
We ure wuiting for Apu
is from Indiu, who
This is the
muin cIuuse,
This is the
subordinute cIuuse,
RELATIVE CLAUSE
We ure wuiting for Apu We ure wuiting for Apu
Apu is from Indiu, Apu is from Indiu, Apu is from Indiu, Apu is from Indiu,
is from is from
Indiu, Indiu,
Subg
who who
We ure wuiting for Apu
who is from Indiu,
Subord1no1eJ
Dependen1 o1ouse
11s meon1ng 1s
1noomp1e1e 1] ue
remove 1e mo1n
o1ouse.
Mo1n J1ndependen1
o1ouse
II we remove tbe
subordInate cIause
Irom tbe sentence,
Its meanIng Is stIII
compIete.
Who, which and that
The relative pronouns who, which
and that go after the noun and at
the beginning of the relative clause.
Who/that Who/that
Who refers to people.
- Nick is the man who owns that
enormous dog. I don't like people
who tell jokes all the time.
- %he little 7l who sat next to me on
the coach ate sweets the whole way.
Who/that Who/that
can also use that, but it is less usual.
- ake is the man that plays the
guitar.
- %he woman that lived here before
us is a romantic novelist
That/ Which That/ Which
-That and which refer to things.
- That is more usual than which,
especially in conversation.
That/ Which That/ Which
- %he .a7 that won the race
looked very futuristic, didn't it?
- %he children saw the actual
8pa.e.7aft that landed on the
moon.
RELATIVE CLAUSE RELATIVE CLAUSE
1. When do you use the
pronoun who in a relative
clause?
To refer to a person
The man who escaped
from the prison was a bank
robber.
RELATIVE CLAUSE RELATIVE CLAUSE
2. When do you use the
pronoun which in a relative
clause?
To refer to a thing
The car which is parked
there is the directors car.
RELATIVE CLAUSE RELATIVE CLAUSE
3. When do you use the pronoun
that in a relative clause?
To refer to a person or a thing
The man that escaped from the
prison was a bank robber.
The car that is parked there is
the directors car.
RELATIVE CLAUSE RELATIVE CLAUSE
4. How do you reduce an adjective
clause to an adjective phrase?
If there is a to be am, is, are,
etc), delete the to be and the
relative pronoun
who/which/that)
RELATIVE CLAUSE RELATIVE CLAUSE
The car which is parked there is the
directors car.
The car parked there is the directors
car.
Change the relative clauses below Change the relative clauses below
to relative phrases to relative phrases
1. Tre rurse Wro |s |oo||rg aller ry rolrer |s
very ||rd lo rer.
Tre rurse |oo||rg aller ry rolrer |s very ||rd
lo rer.
2. Luggage lral |s |ell urallerded W||| oe la|er
aWay oy po||ce.
Luggage |ell urallerded W||| oe la|er aWay oy
po||ce.
Change the relative clauses below to Change the relative clauses below to
relative phrases relative phrases
ro's lral good-|oo||rg rar Wro |s la|||rg lo A||ce?
ro's lral good-|oo||rg rar la|||rg lo A||ce?
A|| lre ruoo|sr lral |s l|oal|rg |r lre sea |s a rea| darger lo
rea|lr.
A|| lre ruoo|sr l|oal|rg |r lre sea |s a rea| darger lo
rea|lr.
5. 0o you |roW lre rar Wro |s slard|rg rear lre door?
0o you |roW lre rar slard|rg rear lre door?
oin the sentences on the left with oin the sentences on the left with
those on the right using those on the right using who who or or which which
1. 0o you |roW a srop?
2. l |roW soreoody.
3. l Warl sore p|ales.
1. l Was al scroo| W|lr lre rar.
5. l'd |||e lo spea| lo lre persor.
. 3re's gol lr|erd|y W|lr a ooy.
Z. Tre po||ce raver'l lourd lre rar.
8. Trere's sore creese |r lre lr|dge.
9. e've gol sore ||grl ou|os.
10. Tr|s |s lre sW|lcr.
a. le ||ves rexl door.
o. le slo|e ry car.
c. le/3re dea|s W|lr exporls.
d. ll |sr'l Wor||rg.
e. ll reeds lo oe ealer.
l. ll se||s good collee.
g. Trey |asl lor years.
r. 3re cou|d rerd lral cra|r.
|. Trey car go |r lre r|croWave.
j. le |s dr|v|rg lral lax|.
oin the sentences on the left with oin the sentences on the left with
those on the right using those on the right using who who or or which which
answers) answers)
1. 0o you |roW a srop
2. l |roW soreoody
3. l Warl sore p|ales
1. l Was al scroo| W|lr lre rar
5. l'd |||e lo spea| lo lre persor
. 3re's gol lr|erd|y W|lr a ooy
Z. Tre po||ce raver'l lourd lre rar
8. Trere's sore creese |r lre lr|dge
9. e've gol sore ||grl ou|os
10. Tr|s |s lre sW|lcr
Wr|cr se||s good collee?
Wro cou|d rerd lral cra|r.
Wr|cr car go |r lre r|croWave.
ro |s dr|v|rg lral lax|.
Wro dea|s W|lr exporls.
Wro ||ves rexl door.
Wro slo|e ry car.
Wr|cr reeds lo oe ealer
Wr|cr |asl lor years.
Wr|cr |sr'l Wor||rg.
that / which that / which
all, anything), everything),
few, little, many, much,
nothing), none, something)
- The police usually ask for every
detail that helps identify the missing
person.
- Dessert is all that he wants
Relative Clause Relative Clause - - WHAT WHAT
- He believes the things that/ which he
hears
-> He believes what he hears
!ossessive !ossessive !ronoun !ronoun
- - The The girl girl father is a father is a
doctor doctor studies very hard. studies very hard.
- - The book The book cover is yellow cover is yellow
belongs to Tom. belongs to Tom.
whose whose
whose whose
The The book book the the cover cover is is yellow yellow
belongs belongs to to Tom Tom..
!ossessive ReIative !7onoun
of which of which
!ossessive !ossessive Relative !ronoun Relative !ronoun
-Whose
-Of Which
Relative !ronoun Relative !ronoun
-Whatever
it doesn't matter what
I'm sure I'll enjoy eating whatever
you cook.
-Whoever
-Whichever
%4 types 41 relative clauses: %4 types 41 relative clauses:
on-Defining
Defining
on-Defining
- Extra information about a noun
in a sentence
The new Woody Allen film,
which I saw last week, is very
good.
- Use commas
- Always use a relative pronoun:
who/whom ,which whose,
where, when
Defining
- Essential information about a noun
in a sentence
You're the man (that) I saw last
week.
- o commas
Defining
- Can omit pronoun if it is not
the SUBJECT of the relative
clause
- That (informal) can replace
which / who/ when / why
but not where, whose or
whom
efining 7eIative cIauses efining 7eIative cIauses
= No commas = No commas
A defining relative clause identifies which A defining relative clause identifies which
person or thing we mean exactly. person or thing we mean exactly.
It It cannot cannot be left out of the sentence orthe be left out of the sentence orthe
meaning of the sentence is incomplete meaning of the sentence is incomplete: :
Its the book Its the book that I read that I read
yesterday yesterday. .
* * Its the book. Its the book. this sentence is this sentence is
incomplete) incomplete)
De1ining relative clauses = De1ining relative clauses =
N4 c422as N4 c422as
- You can omit the pronoun if it is
the OBJECT of the relative clause
(if there is a SUBJECT and a VERB
after the relative pronoun )
t'8 the book that 7ead ye8te7day
omt)
t'8 the book 7ead ye8te7day.
The 7l who l;e8 next doo7 8 F7en.h.
- We can never omit WHOSE and WHERE
Non Non- -defining 7eIative defining 7eIative
cIauses = with commas cIauses = with commas
This kind of clause gives additional This kind of clause gives additional
information about a person or thing. information about a person or thing.
The sentence The sentence still makes sense still makes sense
without without the non the non- -defining relative defining relative
clause: clause:
- -y neighbour, y neighbour, who studies who studies
engineering engineering, is very noisy. , is very noisy.
- -y neighbour is very noisy. y neighbour is very noisy.
o7maI / Info7maI o7maI / Info7maI
- -Non Non- -Defining Defining relative clauses relative clauses
with commas) are more common with commas) are more common
in in written English written English because they are because they are
quite formal quite formal. .
In In spoken English spoken English we would we would
probably use two sentences. probably use two sentences.
4r2al / n14r2al 4r2al / n14r2al
-Compare:
- Elvis Presley, who has sold over
one billion albums, died of
prescription drug abuse.
[written]
-with
- Elvis has sold over a billion
albums. He died of an overdose.
[spoken]
'erb + prep4siti4n 'erb + prep4siti4n
When the verb is followed by a
preposition in the relative
clause we can use two
structures:
The woman is a lawyer.
I spoke to a woman
'erb + prep4siti4n 'erb + prep4siti4n
ormal: Preposition + rel.pronoun
The woman to whom* I spoke is a
lawyer.
We can't omit the relative pronoun
after a preposition)
Or
Informal: Preposition after the verb
The woman (who) I spoke to is a
lawyer.
Relative Adverbs Relative Adverbs
%i2e: en %i2e: en 4r 4r
in/on/at + which in/on/at + which or or that that
That was the year
when/that/in which I got my
degree.
Relative Adverbs Relative Adverbs
%i2e: en %i2e: en 4r 4r
in/on/at + which in/on/at + which or or that that
11 September 2001 was the day
when/that/on which people's
attitude towards terrorism changed.
The adverb (when) can be omitted.
11 September 2001 was the day
people's attitude towards terrorism
changed.
Relative Adverbs Relative Adverbs
Place: ere Place: ere 4r 4r
in/on/at + which or that
- That's the factory where/in
which they make chemicals.
- That's the spot where/on which
the battle took place.
The adverb (where) cannot
generally be omitted.
Relative Adverbs: Relative Adverbs:
Reas4n: y (14r ic Reas4n: y (14r ic
- I will explain the reasons why
/for which the accident occurred
- The adverb (why) can be
omitted.
I will explain the reasons the
accident occurred
Relative pr4n4uns Relative pr4n4uns
P4ssessive: 4se P4ssessive: 4se
- It takes the place of his, her, their
or a noun in possessive case `s.
Andy Warhol was a pop artist whose
paintings are famous worldwide.His
paintings are famous.)
Charlie, whose sister lives in London,
is travelling to England this summer.
Charlies sister lives in London).
!ractice
Is Is this this the the laboratory laboratory ______ ______ the the students students visited visited
yesterday yesterday..
A A.. that that BB.. the the one one C C.. where where D D.. in in which which
22.. _____ _____ is is known known to to everybody, everybody, the the moon moon travels travels
around around the the earth earth once once every every month month..
A A.. It It BB.. As As C C.. That That D D.. What What
33.. He He was was very very rude rude to to the the Customs Customs officer, officer, ____ ____ of of
course course made made things things even even worse worse..
A A.. who who BB.. whom whom C C.. what what D D.. which which
.. He He made made another another wonderful wonderful discovery, discovery,
_____of _____of great great importance importance to to science science
A A.. which which I I think think is is BB.. which which I I think think it it is is
C C.. which which I I think think it it D D.. I I think think which which is is
55.. I I have have bought bought the the same same dress dress _____ _____ she she
is is wearing wearing..
A A.. as as BB.. that that C C.. which which D D.. what what
66.. Is Is this this the the factory factory ____ ____ you you visited visited the the
other other day? day?
A A.. that that BB.. where where C C.. in in which which D D.. the the
one one
. The wolves hid themselves in the places ___ . The wolves hid themselves in the places ___
couldn`t be found. couldn`t be found.
A. that B. where C. in which D. in that A. that B. where C. in which D. in that
8. Have you seen the boy___? 8. Have you seen the boy___?
A. that I told B. I told you of A. that I told B. I told you of
C. whom I told you D. I told you of him C. whom I told you D. I told you of him
9. China has thousands of islands, ___ Hainan 9. China has thousands of islands, ___ Hainan
Island is the largest. Island is the largest.
A. of them B. among which A. of them B. among which
C. one of which D. among them C. one of which D. among them
. Is this the plane ____ he came to New York? . Is this the plane ____ he came to New York?
A. which B. by which C. that D. in which A. which B. by which C. that D. in which
. She likes to use words ____ is clear to him. . She likes to use words ____ is clear to him.
A. of which the meaning B. of which meaning A. of which the meaning B. of which meaning
C. whose of meaning D. meaning of which C. whose of meaning D. meaning of which
2. Who __ knows him would trust him? 2. Who __ knows him would trust him?
A. whom B. that C. which D. who A. whom B. that C. which D. who
3. She is not the only one of the girls ___ well in class. 3. She is not the only one of the girls ___ well in class.
A. which sings B. who sing C. that sings D. who to sing A. which sings B. who sing C. that sings D. who to sing
. She described in her compositions the people and . She described in her compositions the people and
places ____ impressed her most. places ____ impressed her most.
A. where B. that C. which D. who A. where B. that C. which D. who
5. He lend me several books, ____ were very good. 5. He lend me several books, ____ were very good.
A. five of which B. of which C. which of five D. five A. five of which B. of which C. which of five D. five
6. We still remember the day _____ we spent doing the 6. We still remember the day _____ we spent doing the
experiment. experiment.
A. when B. which C. what D. on which A. when B. which C. what D. on which