Mod I Misuse Winter04wPPQ

Standardized
Child Passenger Safety

Training Program
Winter 2004
Misuse and
Compatibility Issues
Objectives
• Recognize and correct vehicle and CR
compatibility issues
• Determine best practice for
incompatibilities
• Recognize and correct misuse of CR
• Discuss and demonstrate effective parent
communication strategies
Misuse and Compatibility - 2 Standardized CPS Training Program - Winter 2004

Misuse Rates
1996 NHTSA study of 6000 children in four
states in 1994
- 79.5% misuse
- Most CRS installed without the use of
instructions

Misuse Rates
August 2002 National SAFE KIDS study:
- 81.6% misused
- Average of three errors per seat

Misuse Rates
Informal checkup
events consistently
record at least 90%
misuse rates

Why Are Misuse Rates So High?
• All economic and education levels
represented
• Many different child restraints and
vehicles available
• Caregivers don’t read instructions

Why Are Misuse Rates High?
• Instructions are not read
• Some instructions are complicated and
contradictory
• Hand-me down seats missing parts or
instructions
• Misunderstanding about crash dynamics

Types of Misuse
• Selection errors
• Harnessing errors
• Installation errors
• Often observed in
combination

Selection Errors
1. Using a CRS with shield for small infant
2. Using outgrown CRS
3. Child too small/young for CRS
4. Using non 213 certified device
5. Using recalled & unrepaired CRS.
6. Using second-hand CRS with missing
history or parts.
7. Using crash-involved CRS or safety belt
Harnessing Errors
1. Not using harness at all
2. Routed through wrong slots
3. Not doubled back if needed
4. Knotted or pinned or incorrectly routed
5. Too loose
6. Not placed on child correctly
7. Frayed or damaged
8. Metal adjuster not flush with slot or out of position
9. Retainer clip not at armpit level
10. Crotch strap too long or wrong position
11. Using "add-ons" not approved by the CRS
manufacturer
Installation Errors
1. CRS not anchored to the vehicle at all
2. RF CRS in front of active air bag
3. Turned FF too early
4. RF only CRS facing forward.
5. Incorrect recline angle
6. Vehicle safety belt or lower anchorage belt
too loose or not locked
7. Locking clip
a. Not used when needed
b. Incorrectly placed, or
c. Used when not needed
Installation Errors
1. Vehicle safety belt or lower anchorage belt
routed incorrectly
2. Tether not connected properly or too loose
3. No tether used if required
4. Incorrect use of LATCH anchors
5. Using two belts, or belt and LATCH together
6. Using "add-ons" not approved by the CRS or
vehicle manufacturer

Consequences of Misuse
Deaths and injuries

attributed to misuse

Misuse of Safety Belts
• Child too small

• Lap belt too high
• Belt too loose
• Shoulder belt under
arm
• Shoulder belt behind
back

Classroom Hands-On Exercise
Identify specific CRS

errors. Look at:
- Seat selection
- Harness placement
- Seat orientation
- Recalls and
instructions
- Parts

Vehicle Compatibility Issues
• Can be serious or
fatal
• Some vehicles not
designed to
transport children

Vehicle Compatibility Issues:
CRS vs. Vehicle Seat Design
• Deep contours
• Side-facing
• Steep slopes
• Center seat humps
• Short and/or narrow seats
• Space in vehicle
- RF CRS and small rear
seat
- Multiple CRSs side by
side may not be possible
- Limited roof height
• Vehicle seat back height

CRS vs. Vehicle Seat Design:
Possible Fixes
• Try another seating
position.
• Tightly rolled towel or a
foam noodle (only for
rear-facing seat).
- Must not raise or move
the CRS forward
- Should not be of a size
to change the length of
the lap belt securing the
RF CRS

CRS vs. Vehicle Seat Design:
Possible Fixes
• Use CRS with different base, belt paths,
high back, etc.
• Tether attachment
• Remember how to say "I don't know of a
safe way

Vehicle Compatibility Issues:
Vehicle Equipment Issues
• Anchors forward of bight

or asymmetrical
• Automatic safety belts
• Buckles too large
• Safety belts too short
• Anchors too close
• Buckle stalk too long
• No shoulder belts

Vehicle Equipment Issues:
Possible Fixes
• Another seating position
• Additional buckle attachment
• Manual lap belt added
• Belt shortening clip
• Tether attachment
• CRS with different belt path
• If allowed, semi-recline FF CRS
• Twist belt webbing at buckle stalk
• Shoulder belt, Y-harness, or vest added

Vehicle Compatibility Issues
• Fixes can cause complications
• KEEP IT SIMPLE!
• Parent MUST be able to reproduce
correct installation

Compatibility Issues:
Air Bags and Rear-Facing CRSs
• Impact delivered to
infant’s head during
inflation
• Must install in back
seat if no on/off
switch is available
• Side air bag systems
interactions unknown
• Follow NHTSA
recommendations
Compatibility Issues:
Air Bags and Forward-Facing CRSs
• If child MUST ride in front:
- Should be child who
» Can be correctly restrained and
» Stay farthest away and
» Have the best upper body protection
- Vehicle seat must be moved back as far as
possible
- On/Off switch recommended for frequent,
routine front seat installation

Compatibility Issues: Air Bags and
Children in Safety Belts
• Both lap and shoulder belt must fit
correctly
• Child must stay “in position”
• Children under 13 safest in the back
• Side air bag interaction unknown at this
time
• Follow NHTSA recommendations

Some Solutions
• Short term: Educate
- Consumers
- Technicians
- Advocates
• Long Term: Technology advancements
- CRSs more user friendly
- Compatibility of CRSs & vehicles
- TREAD Act
• Ongoing efforts have been successful

What is a possible option if a CRS
and the vehicle seat you are
installing it in are not fully
compatible?
A) Saying “I don’t know a safe way to install this
here.”
B) Using a different CRS
C) Using a different vehicle seating position
D) All of the above
Standardized CPS Training Program - Winter 2004

What is a possible option if a CRS
and the vehicle seat you are
installing it in are not fully
compatible?
• Saying “I don’t know a safe way to install this
here.”
• Using a different CRS
• Using a different vehicle seating position
• All of the above
Standardized CPS Training Program - Winter 2004

Classroom Exercise:
“What’s Wrong With This Picture?”
• Examples of misuse
and compatibility
issues
• Determine what is
correct and incorrect
about each scene

What’s Wrong With This Picture?

• Child too upright

• Needs some type of
support under front
of CRS

What’s
Wrong
With
This
Picture?

• Harness straps too

loose and off
shoulder
• Harness retainer clip
out of position

What’s
Wrong
With
This
Picture?

• Harness straps too

loose and twisted
out of position and
not threaded correctly

What’s
Wrong
With
This
Picture?

• Locking clip incorrectly

placed 13” from correct
position
• Locking clip bent and
ripped seat belt allowing
extreme forward
excursion of child’s
upper body

What’s
Wrong
With
This
Picture?

Locking clip on wrong

side of belt system, next
to door


• Infant forward facing

• CRS in RF recline
position
• RF belt path used for
FF position
• <80% of CRS base
supported by vehicle
seat
• Locking clip hanging
off of the belt system


Safety belt tied in

knot to hold CRS
in place


• No (or out of position)

harness retainer clip
• Loose harness straps off
shoulders
• Child forward facing
should be rear facing
• Harness in lower slots in
forward facing seat
• Hard toys attached to
shield


• Two safety belts (one

from front seat center &
one from right rear) used
to install CRS
• Both belts in rear facing
belt path on forward
facing seat.
• 10 month/19 lbs child
should be rear facing.

What’s
Wrong
With
This
Picture?

• Harness retainer clip on

rear of CRS holding
harness on
• Locking clip on end of
harness holding the two
ends together, not
connected to splitter
plate

What’s
Wrong
With
This
Picture?

• Harness adjuster bar

missing
• Using rope or cords to
hold straps in place


• Rear facing seat

forward facing
• CRS too small for
child


• Big snow suit not

allowing harness to fit
properly
• Harness straps loose and
twisted
improperly threaded and
low on child
NOTE: This photo is from a

magazine advertisement


• This is a household
carrier
• Was being used in car
as a CR
• No CR labels and a very
small sticker stating it
is not to be used in a
vehicle
• No belt paths for
vehicle use


CRS reclined too far in

rear seat


• Cargo tie down used in

addition to safety belt
• Tie down secured to
vehicle seat frame

What’s
Wrong
With
This
Picture?

Wood added under rear

facing CR to obtain correct
angle for newborn

What’s
Wrong
With
This
Picture?

• Lap and shoulder belt not

correctly placed on child
• Shoulder belt cuts under
arm and up behind head
• Child should be in BPB


• Harness straps placed

under child’s arms
rather than over the
shoulders
too low
• Child in background
should be in BPB, too
small for safety belt


• Too small for safety belt –

lap belt too high
• Belts twisted

What’s
Wrong
With
This
Picture?

• CRS and child restrained

by only a lap belt


• Improper fit of safety

belts
• Using one belt for
multiple occupants
• Using belt from one
seating position to
restrain an occupant in
another position
• Lap belt only position
used when lap & shoulder
belt is available

What’s
Wrong
With
This
Picture?

• Front facing only CRS

used rear facing
• Too upright for rear
facing
• Harness too loose
• Belt used for installation
too loose


• Infant facing the front

• Rear facing only CRS
installed facing the front
• Handle left up
• Harness too loose and off
the shoulders
• No retainer clip

What’s
Wrong
With
This
Picture?

• Getting too tall for CRS

• Harness through lower
slots
• Retainer threaded
incorrectly


• Handle left up
• Note: Shoulder belt
around back of CRS is
allowed on this model


• Resting flat on the back

of the CRS rather than
semi-reclined
• Harness on edge of
shoulders


• Infant bundled before

harnessing


• CR placed on top of back

seat that is lowered for
access to the trunk
• Harness falling over edge
of shoulders


• Too upright for infant

• Retainer clip out of
position
• Safety belt not
through belt path
slots
• Belt too loose

Hands-On Exercises
1. Identify CRS misuse in vehicles
-Do not change scenarios
2. Role play effective Communication
-Practice advocacy skills

Communicating with Parents
Accurate & thorough assessment
- Weight, height, age
- Developmental or physical limits
- Type of CRS
- Type of vehicle

Circumstances determine approach:
- Solicited help
» Checkup event
» Safety fair display
» Telephone inquiry
- Be cautious when providing unsolicited
advice or comments

Awareness and Attitude:
- Body language/facial expressions
- Interaction not lecture
- Encouraging attitude
- Patience

Simplify and clarify language: “baby seat”
may mean “infant seat”, “convertible”,
“booster seat”, “feeder seat”
- Define terms and acronyms
- Explain concepts in lay terms
- Explain why
- Use examples

Real issue vs Original Question
• “Which car seat is escape proof?”
• “When can I turn him around?”

Don’t ignore the child
- Include in conversation
- Teach how to buckle up

Invest the time to do it right
- Don’t rush or talk too fast
- Instruct and demonstrate
- Ask for return demonstration
» Better learning experience
» Minimizes liability

Be comfortable saying:
- “I don’t know the answer, but I’ll find
out…”
- “I can’t tell you a safe way to do that…”

CPS Technician’s Role
• Listen and assess
• Interpret issues and teach
• Be an accurate, credible source
• Instill confidence
• Recognize your limits

Parent’s Role
“Tough Choices” are

made by the parents and
caregivers

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Standardized

Child Passenger Safety

Misuse and Compatibility - 2 Standardized CPS Training Program - Winter 2004

Misuse and Compatibility - 3 Standardized CPS Training Program - Winter 2004

Misuse and Compatibility - 4 Standardized CPS Training Program - Winter 2004

Misuse and Compatibility - 5 Standardized CPS Training Program - Winter 2004

Misuse and Compatibility - 6 Standardized CPS Training Program - Winter 2004

Misuse and Compatibility - 7 Standardized CPS Training Program - Winter 2004

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Misuse and Compatibility - 12 Standardized CPS Training Program - Winter 2004

Deaths and injuries

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• Child too small

Misuse and Compatibility - 14 Standardized CPS Training Program - Winter 2004

Identify specific CRS

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• Anchors forward of bight

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Standardized CPS Training Program - Winter 2004

Standardized CPS Training Program - Winter 2004

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• Child too upright

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• Harness straps too

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• Harness straps too

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• Locking clip incorrectly

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Locking clip on wrong

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• Infant forward facing

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Safety belt tied in

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• No (or out of position)

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• Two safety belts (one

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• Harness retainer clip on

Misuse and Compatibility - 47 Standardized CPS Training Program - Winter 2004

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• Harness adjuster bar

Misuse and Compatibility - 49 Standardized CPS Training Program - Winter 2004