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OSPITAL NG MAKATI
Introduction
Elements of Basic Life Support (BLS)
initial assessment Chest compression airway maintenance expired air ventilation
Failure of the circulation for 3-4 min will lead to irreversible cerebral damage
No CPR
Chain of survival
Early Access
The bystander could be any of us.
A well informed and properly educated lay person is the key in the early The Bystander access link. The Bystander must be able to recognize the emergency. As soon as an emergency is recognized, the bystander must make a telephone call to activate the EMS system. CALL 117
Early Access
By calling first, you join a team of Emergency Service dispatchers and responders.
The Bystander
HOW LONG?
Early Access
Adult CP arrest CARDIAC
DEFIBRILLATOR
PHONE FIRST
Early Access
Infant/Child CP arrest RESPIRATORY
RESCUE BREATHING
PHONE FAST
Early Access
EXCEPTIONS to the PHONE FIRST/PHONE FAST Submersion/Near-drowning (phone fast)
Early CPR
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation keeps oxygenated blood flowing to the brain until additional help can arrive. Giving CPR promptly will help more
You find a person lying on the ground, not moving. You should survey the scene to see if it is safe. Get some idea of what happened.
Tap or gently shake the victim Rescuer shouts ARE YOU OK? and ARE YOU ALRIGHT? Scan the chest for any movement
Check for SIGNS of circulation: normal breathing coughing movement in response to rescue breaths
Chest Compression
Place heel of other hand on breast bone between the imaginary nipple area
Place other hand above and interlock with the hand on top of the bony part of the sternum.
Chest Compression
Position shoulders over hands with elbows lock and arms straight. Arms should be perpendicular to the victims body.
Open airway
Head-tilt/chin-lift method
Place one hand on victims forehead Place fingers of other hand under bony part of lower jaw near chin Tilt head and lift jaw
Compression/Breathing Cycles
Continue cycles of 30 compressions followed by 2 normal breaths.
After 5 cycles of (30:2), check pulse. If still with no pulse, resume CPR, starting with chest compression Re-check pulse every two minutes
10
A
Recovery position
Keep the airway open
10
Recovery position
10
Recovery position
10
Recovery position
10
Recovery position
10
Recovery position
1
If the rescuer has no help, give about 2 minutes of CPR before activating the EMS system.
Use the heel of one hand or 2 hands in chest compressions at the lower of sternum
Chest Compression
Imagine a line between the nipples and place your index finger below that line. Follow the line up to the sternum (breastbone). Use the middle and the ring fingers to compress the sternum.
Open airway
Head-tilt/chin-lift method
Place one hand on victims forehead. Place fingers of other hand under bony part of lower jaw near chin Tilt head and lift jaw.
Observe chest rise and fall; listen and feel for escaping air.
Allow for exhalation between breaths.
Rescue breathing
Open your mouth wide.
Take a deep breath Make a tight seal around the infants mouth and nose. Each breath should be provided for 1 sec.
Compression/Breathing Cycles
Continue cycles of 30 compressions followed by 2 rescue breath.
Activate EMS
After 5 cycles of compressions and rescue breaths.
If still with no pulse, continue 30:2 cycles beginning with chest compression.
Defibrillation
Defibrillation
Therapeutic use of large amount of
electric current over a brief period of time. Depolarizes (stuns) an irregularly beating heart allowing a more coordinated contractile activity to resume Defibrillator is the device that administers controlled electric shock Most important treatment for sudden cardiac arrest patients with Ventricular
Defibrillation
Defibrillation
Defibrillation
Upon recognition
of the situation, ASSESS the condition of the victim
Defibrillation
Exposed Chest
Check Pulse Check Consciousness
Defibrillation
Perform CPR
Defibrillation
Attached Pads
AED Power On
Defibrillation
Analyze & stay clear for delivery of shock (if indicated)
Defibrillation
Time is the key
determinant for the survival of patients with VFibrillation.
pediatric attenuator 2-4 joules /kg Shock delivery should occur as soon as possible after compression
Respiratory Arrest
Condition wherein there is cessation or
inadequate breathing to support life Causes:
Obstruction (mechanical or anatomical) Diseases (COPD, bronchitis, pneumonia) Others: electrocution, drowning, suffocation, external strangulation, etc.
Rescue Breathing
Technique to provide oxygen to a
breathless person Ways:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Mouth to mouth Mouth to nose Mouth to mouth and nose Mouth to stoma Mouth to mask Bag-valve mask apparatus
Mouth to mouth
Mouth to nose
Mouth to Stoma
Mouth to Mask
EM ER G EN CY
ED ED M M
UP U
Choking usually occurs during eating Meat is the most common cause of obstruction in adults A variety of foods and foreign bodies have been the cause of obstruction in children
Stand behind victim Wrap your arms around the victims body. Grab the victims hand and put them down
Position
the patient.
Tap or gently shake the victim Rescuer shouts ARE YOU OK?
Sweep deeply into mouth with hooked finger to remove foreign body
Anatomical landmarks
Xiphoid process
Umbilicus
Heimlich maneuver
Press into the abdomen with quick upward thrusts.
Rescue breathing
Abdominal thrusts
Observe breathing difficulties, ineffective cough, weak (or absent) cry, dusky color.
Do not perform a blind finger sweep Remove foreign body only if you can see it.
Deliver up to 5 thrusts in the midsternal region, using the same landmarks as those for chest compressions.
Call
for help.
If the infant becomes unconscious, rescuer shouts HELP
Definition
First Aid is a system of assessments and interventions that can be performed by a bystander (or by the victim) with minimal or no medical equipment. A first aid provider is defined as someone with formal training in first aid, emergency care, or medicine who provides first aid. One of the primary equipment in First Aid is the triangular bandage.
Cardinal Principle
EM ER G EN CY
Splinting
ED ED M M
UP U
Bandages
Broad-Fold Bandage
Square Knot
Bruising
Numbness Pale, bluish skin
Splinting-Upper extremities
Splinting-Upper extremities
Splinting-Upper extremities
Forearm (radium/ulna)
Splinting-Upper extremities
Splinting-Lower Extremities
Ankle/foot
Splinting-Lower Extremities
Lower leg (tibia/fibula)
Splinting-Lower Extremities
Thigh (femur)
Splinting-Lower Extremities
Self-splint (leg)
ED ED M M
Bleeding
EM ER G EN CY
UP U
External Bleeding
ARTERIAL blood spurts from the wound most serious type of bleeding less likely to clot blood flows steadily or gushes easier to control
blood oozes most common type of bleeding can be controlled easily
VENOUS
CAPILLARY
External Bleeding
Regardless of the type of bleeding, the first aid is the same
FIRST, AND MOST IMPORTANT, YOU MUST COINTROL THE BLEEDING
Do Not
Do NOT Touch a wound with your bare hands Do NOT Use direct pressure on an eye injury, a wound with an embedded object, or a skull fracture Do NOT Remove a blood-soaked dressing Do NOT Remove an impaled object Do NOT Apply a pressure bandage so tightly that it cuts off circulation Do NOT Use a torniquet
External Bleeding
Protect yourself against disease by wearing medical exam gloves. If not available, the following can be used as alternative: -several layers of gauze pads -plastic wrap -plastic bag -waterproof material
External Bleeding
Direct pressure stops most bleeding.
External Bleeding
A pressure bandage can free you to attend to other injuries or victims.
External Bleeding
Do not remove a blood-soaked dressing. Add more dressings on top.
External Bleeding
Elevation of the injured extremity help reduce blood flow
External Bleeding
If bleeding still continues, apply pressure at a pressure point to slow blood flow
Skin Anatomy
Burns : results from dry heat, corrosive substances/friction Scalds: caused by wet heat General Principles:
own safety stop burning cover injury obtain medical aid
Classification of burns
thermal chemical electrical
Extent of Burns
Estimating the body surface Rule of palm victims hand,it represents 1% for small of scattered burn Large burn, unburned subtract to 100%
Thermal Burn
Thermal Burns
Assess ABC`s Decide Severity of Burn (when in doubt choose more severe classification) Mild Burns apply cold compress for about 10-40 min until pain subsides then apply moisturizer, like aloe vera More Severe Burns cold compress (If small area), Remove jewelries and clothing from burn area (if stuck, do not pull off, CUT), cover with nonstick sterile dressing (preferably), seek medical consult
Chemical Burn
Chemical burns:
caustic or corrosive substance alkalis ( drain cleaners) acids (battery acids) organic compounds(petroleum products)
First Aid:
Wash off for ATLEAST 20 min. (In cases of Dry Chemicals, Brush off Powder before washing off)
remove contaminated clothing sterile dressing hospital chemical burn to eye flush with water
Chemical Burns
Assess ABC`s Wash off for ATLEAST 20 min. (In cases of Dry Chemicals, Brush off Powder before washing off) Remove clothing and jewelries Seek medical Attention
Electrical Burn
Electrocution
Current of 1,000 volts or more high voltage Entrance and exit wound Disrupt normal heart rhythm First Aid: safety first, Shut off power to building if necesary check ABC Treat as Thermal Burns Treat for shock
Summary
Stop the burning and cool area Check ABC Depth and extent Determine other injuries Burn severity Seek medical attention
EPILEPSY
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS Sudden loss of consciousness, casualty may let out a strange cry Casualty may become rigid Convulsive jerking movements that may be violent At the end of the attack, the muscles relax and the casualty returns to normal
EPILEPSY
AIM To protect the casualty from injury To reassure the casualty when she recovers IMPORTANT Never try to hold someone down or stop the convulsions Never put anything in her mouth Never try to give the person anything to eat or drink during a fit
EPILEPSY
WHAT TO DO Ease the fall and keep onlookers well back Clear the area around the casualty Loosen tight clothing Place the casualty in a recovery position Remain with the casualty and reassure her Seek Medical Attention
POISONING
HOW TO RECOGNIZE POISONING There may be a container near the casualty that is known to have had a poisonous substance in it The casualty may have lost consciousness at any given time Convulsions/Seizures Damage to the lips Laboured breathing Upset stomach
POISONING
HOW POISONS ENTER THE BODY
Swallowed Inhaled Injected Absorption
POISONING
IMPORTANT
Take care not to get any poison on yourself If the casualty swallowed a corrosive poison, never try to force her to vomit Do not leave the casualty alone unless you have to call an ambulance Keep poisonous substances out of reach of children
POISONING
WHAT TO DO
Look out for danger Follow the ABC Call an ambulance Give details of the poison is known Give tablets or medicine to the ambulance crew Monitor the casualtys responses
It is better to know First Aid and not need it than to need it and not know it
Thank you