Aim: How can we define culture?

Meaning of Culture:
Culture means customs, beliefs, family
life, housing that an individual shares
with other members of his or her
society. It is our culture that tells us
what to think and believe and how to
act.
 Culture-cont.

To understand any culture, we must examine

its many elements, especially its language,
dress, religion, art, architecture, family
structure, education, economic organization,
government, and technology.
 Cultural diffusion
When ideas , customs, and technologies
spread from one people to another or
from one region to another is called
cultural diffusion. Cultural diffusion has
occurred through migration, trade and
warfare.
 How is culture different from
Civilization?
A civilization is a large group of cultures
with a high degree of social and
technological development
Examples: Egyptian civilization,
Mesopotamia, Indus, Western
civilization
• With cities, governments, technology,
advanced writings etc.
 Civilization –definition
A civilization is a highly organized group of
people with their own language and ways of
living.
Many civilizations developed in river
valleys where conditions favored farming.
Salient features of a civilization
1. Government and religion
2. Specialized jobs
3. Social classes
4. Record keeping
 Common features of a
civilization –explained
Cities and central government
Cities emerged as farmers cultivated land
along river valleys and produced surplus
food.Surplus food led to increased
population. More systematic leadership
was needed than just councils or elders
 Traditional economy

Traditional economies based primarily on

farming, grew up in early
civilization.Skilled craftsworkers made
pottery, cloth,and other goods.
 Organized religion
• Ancient people were polytheistic, believing
in many gods. Priests and worshippers tried
to gain the favor of these gods through
complex rituals.
 Job Specialization and social
classes
People began to specialize in certain
jobs because no one person could master
all the necessary skills to provide for
himself or herself. People became ranked
in classes according to their jobs. Priests
and nobles were usually at the top and
warriors, merchants, farmers and slaves
at the bottom.
 Art and architecture

Much early art and architecture

consisted of temples, palaces symbols
of the power of the rulers
 System of writing
Early writing was picture writing,
consisting of simple drawings.
Overtime, the writing became more
symbolic.
How are charts and graphs helpful
in Social studies
 Bar graph
90
80
70
60
50 East
40 West
30 North
20
10
0
1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr
Point graph
Circle graph
Pie graph
 Class Activity
Draw a line graph representing
population on Y axis and years on the x
axis
Population will be in Millions and years
beginning from 1900
Estimate the population of the world in
each decade
How can the social sciences help
us to understand global history ?
What are the social sciences?
Geography
Anthropology
Economics, sociology
Political science, history
 Geography

Geography is the study of people, their

environments, and the resources
available to them . Five themes sum up
the impact of geography on the human
story – location, place, human-
environment, interaction, movement
and region
 anthropology
• It is the study of man , his origin , customs ,
evolution and geographic distribution
• Archeology: The study of the ways of life
of early peoples through the examination of
their physical remains
• Artifacts: Objects made by people which
include tools, weapons, pottery, clothing,
and jewelry,
 Economics
• It is the study of the production and
consumption of goods and services.
• Sociology: The study of the origin and
evolution of human society, the progress of
civilization and laws controlling human
institutions and functions
 Political science
• It is the study of different forms of
government and the ideas or beliefs that
gave rise to them. ( Politics is the art of or
science of government)
• History is the study of how people lived in
the past
 Home work # 6

a)List the different social sciences

that you have learnt
b)Define each social science and
c) Describe how history is related to
other social sciences
How did the stone age people
adapt to their environment ?

Vocabulary words
Neolithic age
Paleolithic age
Nomad
Hunters and gatherers
Glaciers
 Neolithic Age

Neolithic age is also known as New Stone age. It

is called as stone age because tools and weapons
were made from stone, wood, and bone rather than
from metal.The stone age is divided into three time
lines.
The old stone age -500,000- 10,000) years ago
The Middle stone age- 10,000- 8,000 years ago
The New Stone Age – 8,000-5,000 years ago
 Nomad
Nomad means wanderer. Before man
began a settled life for farming, he lived
by hunting and gathering food. They
moved from place to place for food. The
old stone age( Paleolithic) people were
nomads.
 Glaciers

Pre-historic people faced severe challenges

from the environment. During several ice
ages, the Earth cooled. Thick glaciers or
sheets of ice spread across the parts of
Asia, Europe, and North America.
How did the people adapt to the
Environment?
To endure the cold, Paleolithic people
invented clothing. Wrapped in animal
skins, they took refuge in caves or under
rocky overhangs during the long winters.
They also learned to build fires for warmth
and cooking. In this harsh life, only the
hardy survived.
Home work # 7 List the key features of the
agricultural revolution? How did it change
People’s lives ? Refer to page #52-55
Aim: What Advances were made
in the Neolithic age ?
1.Planting seeds- Scholars believe that
farming had started in the Middle east.
Food-gathering women may have made
the crucial discovery.
 Domestication of animals
• People learned to domesticate, or tame,
some of the animals they had once hunted
• They herded animals to good grasslands or
penned them in rough enclosures.
• The animals provided people with a source
of protein
 New technologies
• They created the first calendars so that they
would know when to plant and harvest
• Farmers learned to use animals such as
oxen or water buffalo to plow the fields
• By about 5,000years ago, the advances
made by early farming communities led
people to a new stage of development –the
emergence of civilizations
 Homework # 3
• Write an essay describing how Neolithic
Age was more advanced than Paleolithic
age.
• Refer to your textbook and the class notes
and the handout pages 48-54
How did people live in Egypt?
Interactive lesson:
What do you know about Egypt?
What is the name of the river that flows
in Egypt?
Whys is Ancient Egypt famous for?
Who is a pharaoh?
Have you heard about Mummies?
Home work # 8 Read the hand out and
answer the questions 1-4
 Contributions of Egyptian
Civilization
Egyptian civilization began in about 5000
years ago. They have made a powerful
impact on the society. The following are
the significant features of the ancient
Egyptian civilization.
2. Religion 2.Government 3. Social
structure 4. Science, art and writing.
 Religion
Egyptians were polytheistic.meaning
believers of many gods.
Their chief God was Amon-Re who was
sun god.
Osiris was the god of Nile.
They believed in life after death.
 Government
The Egyptian king was called a Pharaoh.
Egyptians believed that Pharaoh was their
god and king.
Pharaohs were buried in a majestic pyramid.
When a pharaoh died his power passed on
to another member of the family – these
ruling families were called dynasties.
 Social structure
Egyptian society was divide into classes

PHARAOH – King
Nobles – warriors
Craftsmen and merchants
Peasant farmers
Slaves
 Status women
Women had a higher status in Egyptian
society than any other ancient civilization.
A woman could own property, enter
business deals, and obtain a divorce
 Science, Art, writing and
architecture
The process of mummification helped them
learn much about the human body, allowing
them to diagnose many illnesses and perform
surgery.
Egyptians developed a calendar very similar
to the one we use today.
 Contributions –cont.
• They also created a system of picture
writing called hieroglyphics.
• Egyptian temples and monuments , as well
as the pyramids, have survived thousands of
years.
• Egyptian statues and paintings show daily
life, ceremonies, and military victories.
Hieroglyphics
Decoding Hieroglyphics

• Meaning: Daughter
of the King,
Princess...
• Meaning: King of
Upper & Lower
Egypt (coronation
name)