Mirror Mirror: Planar Mirror Optical Fiber Resonator Spherical Mirror

M.
Gupta, ECE 541 (Photonics) Fall 2006

Resonator Optics

AMPLIFIER
PUMP
Mirror
Mirror
Resonator confines and stores light
at certain resonance frequency.
Examples include two parallel
mirrors between which light is
repeatedly reflected and others as
shown below.
Laser is an optical resonator
containing a medium. (application)
Resonator
determines
frequency and
spatial
distribution of
laser beam
Planar mirror
Ring
resonator
Optical
fiber
resonator
Spherical mirror
M. Gupta, ECE 541 (Photonics) Fall 2006
Resonator is constructed of two parallel mirrors that are
highly reflective and separated by distance d. This 1-D
resonator is also called Fabry-Perot etalon.
We examine modes of a resonator (standing waves)
using Helmholtzs wave equation. Modes are basic
solutions of Helmholtzs equation subjected boundary
conditions
Planar Mirror Resonators
Helmholts Equation where
Satisfies Helmholtzs equation, A is
Boundary conditions are that electric filed vanishes at
at mirror surface
0
2 2
= + V U k U
c
v
k
t 2
=
kz A r U sin =
a constant.
0 z
and
d z
This implies that where q is an integer.
So, k values since
resonant
frequencies of
resonator
frequencies are
separated by
resonant wavelength
Resonance frequencies
t q kd
d
q
k
q
t
=
c
v
k
t 2
=
q
d
v
c
q
q
2
= =
d
c
q v
a
2
d
c
V
f
2
Phase shift introduced by single round trip distance of 2d will be
2/ (index) (distance traveled)= 2/ (2d)=4d/=4d/c=k(2d).
To self reproduce =k(2d)=q2
Density of Modes: Number of modes per unit frequency per unit length
Number of modes per unit frequency is 1/
F
=2d/c in each of two
orthogonal polarizations. So, density of modes M(v)=4/c
Losses and Resonance Spectral Width
If mirrors and medium are lossy, then let us assume that round trip
amplitude attenuation factor is r due to mirrors and medium. So
U=U
0
+U
1
+U
2
+ = U
0
+re
-j
U
0
+(re
-j
)
2
U
0
+ =U
0
/(1-re
-j
)
Intensity I=/U/
2
= /U
0
/
2
/[1-re
-j
]
2
=
I
r
r
and
r
I
I where
F
I
I
r r
I
=
+
=
+
1
F
) 1 (
2 / sin ) / 2 ( 1
] ) sin ( ) cos 1 [(
2 / 1
2
0
max
2 2
max
2 2
0
t
| t
| |
F is known as finesse
of the resonator
F
I
I
+
=
2 / sin ) / 2 ( 1
2 2
max
| t
I is periodic function of I peaks at
FWHM = 2 / F [ I becomes
Substitute , we obtain
where
|
.
|
\
|
= = 0
2
sin 2
2

t q
2
max
I
when
1
2
sin
2
2
2
=
|
.
|
\
|

t
F
F
t
=
if
F
t
2
= A
c
d
v t | 4
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
f
v
v F
I
I
t
t
2
2
max
sin 2 1
d
c
v
f
2
Maximum in Intensity is achieved at resonant
frequencies where q = 1, 2 ....
f q
qv v v
2
max
min
2 1
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
t
F
I
I
min
I
1 sin
2
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
f
v
v t
[ will occur when
2
min
f
v
q v =
min v
lies midway of
max v
]
(1)
F
v
f
v
= o
[ I becomes when
2
max
I
1 sin
2
2
2
=
|
.
|
\
|
f
v
v F t
t

t 2
f
v
v =

1. Spacing between resonance frequencies

1. Width of resonance resonance line
width increasing loss Spectral width increases
with higher loss
Example
attenuation by mirrors
(1) # of modes

(2)distance between modes

(3) Finesse

d
c
v
f
2
=
F
v
f
v
= o
222
2 2
~ = =
d
c
dv
q
12
10 5 . 1
2
x
d
c
v
f
= =
( )
8 . 29
1
=
=
r
r
F
t
4. mode spectral width
v o
10
10 03 . 5 x
F
v
v
f
= = o
136 . 0 = o
Sources of Resonator loss
(1) Absorption and scattering in a medium

(2) imperfect reflection at mirrors;

attenuation
where
and
For high reflectance mirrors
d
s
e
o 2
2
1 1
r R =
2
2 2
r R =
and
If
d R R r
s
o 2 exp
2 1
2
d r
r
o 2 exp
2
=
2 1 m m s r
o o o o
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
1
1
1
1
2
1
R
n
d
m
o
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
2
1
1
2
1
R
n
d
m
o
, 1
1
1
1
R
R
n =
|
|
.
|
\
|
( ) A = A 1 1n as
R R R = =
2 1
then
d
R
s r
+ =
1
o o
Finesse decreases with loss factor
Photon Lifetime
Resonance line width is governed
by decay of optical energy arising
from resonator losses.
( ) ( ) d d
d
r
r
F
r r
r
o
t
o
o
t
t
~

|
.
|
\
|
=
exp 1
2
exp
1
( ) 1 << d
r
o
t
o
o
t
o
2
2 r
r
f
c
d
d
c
F
v
v = = =
p
tt 2
1
=
r
p
co
t
1
=
where
resonator life
time
Quality factors Q
energy decay time
rate of energy lost per cycle
t 2 =
(stored energy)/energy loss
per cycle
r
p
co
t
1
=
so, rate energy lost at
r
co
0
v
c
r
o
( )
(
(
(
(
=
o
r
v
c
Q
o
t
1
2
v
v
o
o
= as
t
o
o
2
r
c
v =
Large Q factors are associated with low loss resonators
(2) Quality factor is related to finesse
F
v
v
Q
f
0
=
(1) Quality factor is related to resonator lifetime
r
p
co
t
1
=
p
v Q t t
0
2 =
by
Resonator as a spectrum Analyzer
Transmittance is high if incident v coinsides with
resonance
and are amplitude reflectance
for mirrors

and are amplitude transmittance for mirrors

I is total internal intensity & is initial internal
intensity
= incident intensity = trans
int.
a
v
i
I
t
I
1
r
2
r
i
I
1
t
2
t
0
I
I t I
t
2
2
=
i
I t I
2
1 0
=
(1) (2) (3)
i
t
I
I
v F = ) (
(4)
0
2
2 1
I
I
t t
I
I
i
t
( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
= =
f
i
t
v
v F
F
v F
I
I
t
t
2
2
max
sin
2
1
q t 2
f
v
v
q =
[
]
where

(1)Resonator transmittance peaks at
resonance frequencies.
(2) etalon can be used as optical filter by adjusting d.
(3) example: if d=1.5 cm, than of 1.5 m,
translates peak v by = 10GHz
| |
( )
2
2
max
1 r
t
F
=
2 1
t t t =
2 1
r r r
r
r
F
=
1
max
t
( ) v F
d

a
v
;
;
Spherical Mirror Resonator Modes & Gaussian
Beams
To determine spatial intensity distributions & resonance
frequencies
Radius of curvature
of Gaussian beam
2
2
0
2
) (
z
z
z z R + =
matching
1
R
2
R with R
1
2
0
1 1
z
z
z R + =
2
2
0
2 2
z
z
z R + =
1
R
2
R
1
z
2
z
= d -
knowing and in terms of and
solving for and and we obtain
1
z
2
z
0
z
( )
d R R
d R d
z
2
1 2
2
1
+ +
+
=
( )( )( )
( )
2
1 2
1 2 2 1
2
0
2d R R
d R R d R d R d
z
+ +
+ + + +
=
1
z
2
z
0
z
1
R
2
R
and d allows
0
W
i
W
t
0
0
z
W
2 / 1
2
0
1
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
z
z
W W
i
o i
where i = 1,2, ....
Gaussian beam reflected from a spherical mirror will
retrace the incident beam. If the radius of curvature of its
wavefront is same as mirror radius. EQ (1) gives
confinement condition
leads to
0
2
0
z
1 1 1 0
2 1
R
d
R
d
If above condition is not satisfied resonator is
unstable
1
1
1
R
d
g
2
2
1
R
d
g
1 0
2 1
g g
so
Symmetrical Resonators
when
when
when
planar resonator
confocal resonator
concentric resonator
Symmetrical resonators with concave mirrors
R R R = =
2 1
2 1
g g =
1
2
s g or 1 1 s s g
2 0 s
s
R
d
( )
0 =
R
d
R
1 =
R
d
d R
2 =
R
d
2
d
R
symmetrical resonators with concave mirrors
R R R
2 1
2
1
d
z
2
2
d
z
2 / 1
0
1 2
2
|
.
|
\
|
=
d
R d
z
;
2 / 1
2
0
1
2
2
2
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
R
d
W
t
2 / 1
2
2
2
1
2
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =
R
d
R
d
d
W W
t
;
2 0 s s
R
d
If d/ = 1
; 1
R
symmetrical confocal
resonator
t
2
0
d
W
0 2 1
2W W W
Example: d = 100 cm, than
633
0
=
t
2
0
d
W
0
W
= 0.32 mm; if d=25 cm than = 0.16 mm
Confinement condition
Resonance Frequencies
Phase of Gaussian Beam
where and
at optical axis
so at mirror locations and
( ) ( )
( ) z R
k
z kz z
2
,
2
, + =
( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

0
1
tan
z
z
z ,
2 2 2
y x + =
0 =
( ) ( ) z kz z , = , 0
1
z
2
z
( ) ( )
1 1 1
, 0 z kz z , =
;
( ) ( )
2 2 2
, 0 z kz z , =
For beam to retrace itself, phase change must be
multiple of
phase change as beam travels from mirror 1 to
mirror 2.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | | , , , A = = kd z z z z k z z
1 2 1 2 1 2
, 0 , 0
t 2
( ) ,... 1 , 0 2 2 2 = = A q q kd t ,
note:
d
c
c
v
k
2
and 2
F
= = v t
same as plane mirror. It does not depend upon mirror
curvature.
frequency spacing
f f q
v qv v
t
, A
+ =
Of adjacent modes is
d
c
v
f
2

Mirror Mirror: Planar Mirror Optical Fiber Resonator Spherical Mirror

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Mirror Mirror: Planar Mirror Optical Fiber Resonator Spherical Mirror

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M.

Gupta, ECE 541 (Photonics) Fall 2006

M. Gupta, ECE 541 (Photonics) Fall 2006

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