Chapter 6

Applications of Integration

6.1 Area Between Curves
6.2 Volume
6.3 Volume by Cylindrical Shell
6.5 Average Value of a Function
6.1 Area Between Curves
So far we have defined and calculated areas of the
regions that lie under the graphs of functions. In this
section we use integrals to find areas of more general
regions.
Type 1 of Regions
S: Bounded by two curves y=f(x) and g(x)
and between two vertical line y=a and
y=b.
)} ( ) ( , | ) , {( x f y x g b x a y x S s s s s =
Integral Formula:
}
=
b
a
dx x g x f A )] ( ) ( [
o
a b
x
y
y=f(x)
y=g(x)
S
Figure 1
S: Lies between two curves x=f(y) and
g(y) and between two line x=c and y=d.
)} ( ) ( , | ) , {( y f x y g d y c y x S s s s s =
Integral Formula:
}
=
d
c
dy y g y f A )] ( ) ( [
Type 2 of Region
o
c
d
x
y
y=d
y=c
S
x=g(y) x=f(y)
Example 1 Find the area of the region bounded by the
parabola y=x
2
and y=2x-x
2
.
Figure 2
x o
(1,1)
Figure 3
y
Example 2 Find the area of region bounded by the line y=x-1
and the parabola y
2
=2x+6.
(1)
y=x-1
6 2 + = x y
6 2 + = x y
-3
(-1,-2)
(5,4)
A
1

A
2

x
y
(2)
x=y+1
-3
(-1,-2)
(5,4)
x
y
x=y
2
/2-3.
Figure 4
Figure 5
If we are asked to find the area between the curves y=f(x)
and y=g(x) where f(x)>g(x) for some values of x but g(x)>f(x)
for other values of x, then we split the given region into several
regions S
1
, S
2
, with areas A
1
, A
2
, ., as shown in Figure 6.
Since

We have the following expression for A:

>
>
=
) ( ) ( ), ( ) (
) ( ) ( ), ( ) (
) ( ) (
x f x g when x f x g
x g x f when x g x f
x g x f
S
1
S
2
S
3
x b a
y
Figure 6
dx x g x f A
b
a
}
= ) ( ) (
Example 3 Find the area of the region bounded by the curve
y=sinx, y=cosx, x=0 and x=
2 / t
2
t
4
t
y=cosx
y=sinx
A
1

A
2

x
y
o
Figure 7
/section 6.1 end
6.2 Volume
1. Volume of a Cylinder
A cylinder is bounded by a plane region B
1
, called the base,
and a congruent region B
2
in a parallel plane(see Figure 1(a)).
If the area of the base is A and the height of the cylinder is h,
then the volume V of the cylinder is defines by V=Ah

B
1
B
2
h
(a) Cylinder V=Ah
Figure 1 h
r
(b) Circular Cylinder
h r V
2
t =
2. Volume of a Solid
Let S be any solid. The intersection of S with a plane is a
plane region that is called a cross-section of S. Suppose that
the area of the cross-section of S in a plane P
x
is A(x), where
a<x<b.(see figure 2)
x
y
A(a)
A(b)
A(x)
P
x
x
a b
Figure 2
Let us consider a partition P of the interval [a, b] by point x
i

such that a=x
0
< x
1
<x
2
<< x
n
=b. The plane P
x
will slice S
into smaller slabs. If we choose in [x
i-1
, x
i
], we can
approximate the ith slab by a cylinder with base area A( ) and
height (see Figure 3)
-
i
x
-
i
x
.
1
= A
i i i
x x x
x
y
a b
x
i-1
x
i
-
i
x
i
x A
{

Figure 3
So an approximation to the volume of the ith slab S
i
is
i i i
x x A S V A ~
-
) ( ) (
Adding the volumes of these slabs, we get an approximation
to the total volume:

=
-
A ~
n
i
i i
x x A V
1
) (
As ||P|| 0 we recognize the limit of this Riemann sum as
an a definite integral and so we have the following definition:
Definition of Volume
Let S be a solid that lies between the planes. If the cross-
section area of S is A(x), where A(x) is an integrable
function, then the volume of S is
(1)
}

= A =
=
-

b
a
n
i
i i
P
dx x A x x A V ) ( ) ( lim
1
0 || ||
Example 1 Show that the volume of a sphere of radius r is
2
3
4
r V t =
x
y
r
x
3. Solid of Revolution
(1)Let S be a solid obtained by revolving the plane region
R bounded by y=f(x), y=0, x=a and x=b about the x-axis.
x
y
y=f(x)
a
b
x
y
y=f(x)
a
S
Figure 6
R
The area of the cross-section through x perpendicular to the
x-axis is
2 2
)] ( [ ) ( x f y x A t t = =
dx x f V
b
a
}
=
2
)] ( [ t
The use of this Formula is often called the disk method.
Example 2 Find the volume of the solid obtained by
rotating about the x-axis the region under the curve
from 0 to1.(see figure 7)
x y =
(2)
Thus, using the basic volume formula (1), we have the following
formula for a volume of revolution:
x y =
o 1
x
y x y =
o
1
x
y
Figure 7
rotate
(2) Formula 2 applies only when the axis of rotation is
the x-axis. If the region bounded by the curves x=g(y), x=0,
y=c, and y=d is rotated about the y-axis, then the
corresponding volume of revolution is
(3)
dy y g V
d
c
}
=
2
)] ( [ t
y
d
c
x=g(y)
x o
d
c
x=g(y)
x o
y
rotate
Figure 8
Example 3 Find the volume of the solid obtained by the
region bounded by y=x
3
, y=8, and x=0 around the y-axis.
o
8
x
y
3
y x =
o
8
x
y
3
y x =
Figure 9
(3) If the region bounded by the curves y=f(x), y=g(x),
x=a, and x=b [where f(x)>g(x)] is rotated about the x-axis,
then the volume of revolution is
(4)
{ }dx x g x f V
b
a
}
=
2 2
)] ( [ )] ( [ t
This method is often called the washer method.
Example 4 The region R bounded by the curves y=x and
y=x
2
is rotated by the x-axis. Find the volume of the solid.
y=x
2
o
x
y
y=x

R

o
x
y
Figure 9
Example 5 Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating
the region in Example 4 about the axis y=2.
4. Some Other Examples
We conclude this section by finding the volumes of the
solids that are not solids of revolution.
Example 6 A solid has a circular base of radius 1. Parallel
cross-sections perpendicular to the base are equilateral
triangles . Find the volume of the solid.
x
y
1
A
y
x
2
1 x y =
A
B
B
x
Example 7 A wedge is cut out of a circular cylinder of
radius 4 by two planes. One plane is perpendicular to the axis
of the cylinder. The other intersects the first at an angle 30
o

along a diameter of the cylinder.Find the volume of the
wedge.
x
y
30
o
y
A B
C
/section 6.2 end
6.3 Volumes by Cylindrical Shells
1. Cylindrical Shell
r
2

r
1

r
r A
Figure 1
Figure 1 shows a cylinder shell
with inner radius r
1
, outer radius r
2
,
and height h. Its volume is
) ( 2
1 2 2
2
1
2
2
2 1
r r h
h r h r V V V
r r
=
= =
+
t
t t
If we let (the thickness of the
shell) and (the average of the
shell), then this formula becomes
(1)
1 2
r r r = A
2
2 1
r r
r
+
=
r rh V A = t 2
2. Method of Cylindrical Shells
(1) Region: (Type 1)
a
b x
y
y=f(x)>0
o
Axis for rotating: y-axis
Solid of revolution: Figure 3
y=f(x)
a
b x
y
o
Figure 2
Figure 3
Let P be a partition of the
interval [a, b] by point x
i

such that a=x
0
< x
1
<x
2
<<
x
n
=b and let be the
midpoint of [x
i-1
, x
i
].
-
i
x
If the rectangle with base [x
i-1
,x
i
] and height f( ) is rotated
about the y-axis, then the result is a cylindrical shell with
average radius , height f( ) , and thickness
(see Figure 4), so by formula 1 its volume is
-
i
x
-
i
x
-
i
x
1
= A
i i i
x x x
i i i i
x x f x V A =
- -
) ( 2t
Therefore an approximation to the volume V of S is given by
the sum of the volumes of these shells:

=
- -
A ~
n
i
i i i
x x f x V
1
) ( 2t
Taking limit as ||P|| 0, we obtain
the following volume formula for
the solid in figure 3:
(2)
}
=
b
a
dx x f V ) ( 2t
x
Figure 4
y
-
i
x
x
i-1
x
i
Example 1 Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating
about the y-axis the region bounded by y=x(x-1)
2
and y=0.
1 x
y
Example 2 Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating
about the y-axis the region bounded by y=x
2
and y=x.
0
x
y
1
Figure 5
Figure 6
(2)Region: (Type 2)
Axis for rotating: x-axis
The volume of the solid of
revolution ( Figure 8) is
o
c
d
x
y
y=d
y=c
R
x=f(y)
Figure 7
o
d
x
y
R
x=f(y)
Figure 8
}
=
d
c
dy y g V ) ( 2t
Example 3 Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating
the region bounded by y=x-x
2
and y=0 about the line x=2.
1 2
3 4
-
i
x
-

i
x 2 Figure 9
/section 5.3 end
6.4 Average Value of a Function
This section aims to compute the average value of a function
y=f(x), a<x<b. We start by dividing the interval [a, b] into n
equal subintervals, each with length . Then we choose
points in successive subintervals and calculate the
average of the numbers :

n a b x / ) ( = A
- -
n
x x , ,
1

( ) ( )
- -
n
x f x f , ,
1

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

=
-

+ + + +
A = =

- - - -
n
i
i a b
x f x f
n
x f x f
x x f
n
a b
n n
1
1
) (
1 1

The limiting value as n approaches infinity is
}

=
-

= A
b
a
a b
n
i
i a b
n
dx x f x x f ) ( ) ( lim
1
1
1
We define the average value of a function f on [a, b] as

}

=
b
a
a b ave
dx x f f ) (
1
(1)
The question arises: Is there a number c at which the value of f
is exactly equal to the average value of the function, that is, f(c)
=f
ave
? The following theorem says that this true for continuous
functions:
Mean Value Theorem for Integrals
If f is a continuous function on [a, b], then there
exists a number c in [a, b] such that
(2)
) )( ( ) ( a b c f dx x f
b
a
=
}
Example 1: Find the average value of the function f(x)=1+x
2

over the interval [-1, 2] and then find c such that f(c) =f
ave.
END