Introduction

Fluid flow/fluid dynamic a branch of fluid mechanics Aerodynamics - the study of air/other gases in motion Hydrodynamics - the study of liquids in motion Application Calculation of forces and moments on aircraft Determining mass flow rate of petroleum through pipeline Traffic engineering? Make sense? How? Traffic is treated as continuous liquid Solution of fluid flow (dynamic) involves calculation of

various properties of fluid as functions of space and time

Types of Fluid
Compressible vs Incompressible All fluids are compressible to some extent (changes in pressure, P and temperature, T will results in changes in density) In many situations, changes in P and T are small, changes in density is negligible incompressible fluid Laminar vs Turbulent Turbulence is flow characterized by recirculation, eddies and randomness Flow which is not turbulent is Laminar Newtonian vs Non-newtonian A non-Newtonian fluid is a fluid whose flow properties are not described by a single constant value of viscosity Example: as ketchup, starch suspensions, paint, blood and shampoo Newtonian fluid, the relation between the shear stress and the strain rate is linear water and air

Types of Fluid Flow

Cavitation Compressible flow Couette flow Free molecular flow Incompressible flow Inviscid flow Isothermal flow Laminar flow Open channel flow Secondary flow Superfluidity Supersonic Transient flow Transonic Turbulent flow Two-phase flow

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Fluid Phenomena

Boundary layer Coanda effect Convection cell Convergence/Bifurcation Drag (force) Hydrodynamic stability Lift (force) Ocean surface waves Rossby wave Shock wave Soliton Stokes drift Turbulence Venturi effect Vortex Vorticity Water hammer Wave drag

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Flow of Fluids
Concerned with the transport of fluid from one location to another through pipes/open ducts
Requires determination of pressure drop in the system, power required for pumping & measurement of flowrates

In many cases, fluid contains solid particles in suspension, necessary to determine the effect of these particles on the flow characteristics

Internal Energy

Internal energy The energy which is attributable to the physical state of fluid
When a fluid flows from one location to another,

energy will be converted from one form to another

Change in physical state of fluid will cause change

in internal energy
*Derive energy of a fluid in motion

Fluid in Motion
When a fluid flows through a duct or over a surface, the velocity over a plane at right angles to the stream is not normally uniform
The flowrate between any two streamlines is the same Closer spacing of the streamlines represents an increase in velocity A group of streamlines form streamtube, whole area for flow composed of bundles of streamtubes

Flow Through Surface