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Or easily stated as, energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can only change or transferred
Surrounding
Work, W : energy transferred across boundary by a flow, but not caused by temperature differences
W +ve if work energy is transferred from the
Forms of work
Expansion or compression work Shaft work Electrical work Flow work Viscous work
Closed System
Nonflow Process
In a close system, although energy may be transferred across the boundary in the form of work energy and heat energy, the working fluid itself never crosses the boundary. Any process undergone by a close system is referred to as the non-flow process. If the fluid is undergoing a non-flow process from state (1) to state (2) then the terms from the general equation for p1V1 and p2V2 (which represent the amount of work energy required to introduce and expel the fluid from the system) will be zero, since the fluid is already in the system, and will still be in the system at the end of the process.
U2 U1 = Q W
Non-flow Processes
Constant temperature (Isothermal) process (pV = C) Adiabatic process (Q = 0) Polytropic process (pVn = C) Constant volume process Constant pressure process
Open System
An open system, or a control volume, is a properly selected region in space. It usually encloses a device, which involves mass flow.
Flow Process
In an open system, not only the energy transfers take place across the boundary, the fluid may also cross the boundary. Any process undergone by an open system is called a flow process. This process may be subdivided into an unsteady flow process and steady flow process.
Boiler Compressor Turbine Pump Nozzle Diffuser Throttling valve Heat exchanger