Operating System

Basics

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 Functions of Operating Systems
• Process Management
• Memory Management
• File Management
• Device Management
• Security Management
• User Interface

4A-2
 Process Management
• Process – an execution of a program by
the CPU
• A process can create multiple process
• Idea is to utilize the resources in proper
and efficient manner
 Memory Management
• Responsible for allocating primary
memory to processes
• The major tasks involved are
– Relocation
– Protection and Sharing
 File Management
• Contains a hierarchical structure of data
• Assist the user to create, modify, and
remove files and folders
• Provides security
• Assigns read and write permissions
• Help the user to organize the files and
folders in logical manner
Organizing Files and Folders
• Organized storage
• Long file names
• Folders can be created and nested
• All storage devices work consistently
 Device Management
• Managing various devices connected to
the computer.
• OS communicates with the hardware
with standard software provided by the
hardware vendor called device drivers.
• Works as a translator between hardware
and application programs
 Managing Hardware
• Programs need to access hardware
• Interrupts
– CPU is stopped
– Hardware device is accessed
• Device drivers control the hardware
 Security Management

• User Authentication
• Backup of data
 User Interface

• Command Line Interface

• Graphical User Interface
Providing a User Interface
• User interface
– How a user interacts with a computer
– Require different skill sets
Providing a User Interface
• Graphical user interface (GUI)
– Most common interface
• Windows, OS X, Gnome, KDE
– Uses a mouse to control objects
– Uses a desktop metaphor
– Shortcuts open programs or documents
– Open documents have additional objects
– Task switching
– Dialog boxes allow directed input
Graphical User Interface
Providing a User Interface
• Command line interfaces
– Older interface
• DOS, Linux, UNIX
– User types commands at a prompt
– User must remember all commands
– Included in all GUIs
Command Line Interface
Types of Operating Systems
• Real-time operating system
– Very fast small OS
– Built into a device
– Respond quickly to user input
– MP3 players, Medical devices
Single user/Single tasking OS
– One user works on the system
– Performs one task at a time
– MS-DOS and Palm OS
– Take up little space on disk
– Run on inexpensive computers
Single user/Multitasking OS
– User performs many tasks at once
– Most common form of OS
– Windows XP and OS X
– Require expensive computers
– Tend to be complex
Multi user/Multitasking OS
– Many users connect to one computer
– Each user has a unique session
– UNIX, Linux, and VMS
– Maintenance can be easy
– Requires a powerful computer
Multi user/Multi tasking OS
Windows Vista
START Menu
 Version Of Vista
• Home Basic
– E-mail & Internet
• Home Premium
– Entertainment
• Ultimate
– Productivity & Entertainment
• Business
– Small to Medium Business (Productivity)
• Enterprise
– Large Businesses (Productivity)
 Windows Vista

Hardware Requirements
Component Minimum Recommended
CPU I GHz 32- or 64-bit Pentium 4 Dual Core
BIOS ACPI Compatible
RAM 512 MB 2 GB
HDD 8 GB 10 GB
Video Adapter 64 MB non-shared 64 MB non-shared
memory memory - WVDDM
Compatible
Additional Drives DVD
 Database Management
Systems

McGraw-Hill Technology Education Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Database Management Systems
• Defined as a collection of interrelated
data and a set of programs to access
that data.
• Store large collections of data
• Organize the data
• Becomes a data storage system
 The Database
• Stores a collection of related items
• Collection is arranged in a structure
– Organizes and describes the data
• Often includes helper documents
 The DBMS
• Programs that control the database
• Allows
– Entering data
– Querying data
– Printing reports
• Supports thousands of users
• Includes tools to protect the data
 Benefits of DBMS
• Reduction in Data Redundancy
• Reduction in Inconsistency
• Sharing of Data
• Enforcement of Standards
• Improvement in Data Security
• Maintenance of Data Integrity
• Better Interaction with Users
 Database Structure

Field Name

Field

Record
 The Database
• Fields
– Hold an individual piece of data
– Are named descriptively
– Often called a column
– Phone book examples
• Name, address, e-mail, phone number
– Fields may contain no data
 The Database
• Records
– One full set of fields
– Often called a row
– Phone book example
• Smith, Joe, 123 Some Street, 412-555-7777
– Databases may have unlimited rows
 The Database
• Tables
– One complete collection of records
– Databases may have thousands of tables
Database Helper Documents
• Forms
– Present one record to the user
– Often used to change or view data
Database Helper Documents
• Reports
– Produce printed results from the database
– Includes tools to summarize data
 Key Fields
• Primary Key
– Field which uniquely identifies the record
– Example- employee code
Foreign Key
combination one or more column in a table
that references a primary key in another
table.
For example item code in ITEM table
references the item code in PURCHASE
table.
 Basic relationships

•One-to-One HUSBAND
is married to
WIFE
is married to

has
•One-to-many TRACK
belongs to
PARTICIPANTS

holds
•Many to many Trainer is helds in Track
 Database Model
• Consists of rules and standards that
define how data is organized in a
database.
– Hierarchical Database Model
– Network Database Model
– Relational Model
– Object Oriented Model
 Hierarchical Model
• A hierarchical database consists of a
collection of records which are connected to
one another through links.
• a record is a collection of fields, each of which
contains only one data value.
• A link is an association between precisely two
records.
• The hierarchical model differs from the
network model in that the records are
organized as collections of trees rather than
as arbitrary graphs.
 General Structure

• A parent may have an arrow pointing to

a child, but a child must have an arrow
pointing to its parent.
 Network Database Model
• Each record can have multiple parents
– Composed of sets
– Each set has owner record and member record
– Member may have several owners

Figure
1.10
Relational Database Model

• Perceived by user as a collection of

tables for data storage
• Tables are a series of row/column
intersections
• Tables related by sharing common
entity characteristics
Example of a Relation
 Object-Oriented Database
Model
• Objects or abstractions of real-world
entities are stored
– Attributes describe properties
– Collection of similar objects is a class
• Methods represent real world actions of classes
• Classes are organized in a class hierarchy
– Inheritance is ability of object to inherit
attributes and methods of classes above it
 Working with a Database
• Creating tables
– List the necessary fields
– Steps to define a field
• Descriptively name the field
• Specify the field type
• Determine the field size
 Working with a Database
• Field types
– Describes the type of data stored
– Most DBMS use the same types
• Text fields store letters and numbers
• Numeric field store numbers
• Date and time field
• Logical field stores yes or no
• Binary field stores images or sounds
• Counter field generates sequential numbers
• Memo fields store large amounts of data
 Working with a Database
• Entering data into a table
– Users type data into a field
– Data must be entered accurately
• Constraints help to verify data
– Forms are typically used for data entry
 Working with a Database
• Viewing records
– Datasheet view shows all records
– Filters can limit the records shown
• Display only records matching a criteria
– Forms allow viewing one record
 Working with a Database
• Sorting records
– Order records based on a field
– Multiple sub sorts resolve ‘ties’
– Several types of sorts
• Alphabetic
• Numeric
• Chronological
• Ascending
• Descending
 Working with a Database
• Querying a database
– Statement that describes desired data
– List of fields can be modified
– Uses of querying
• Find data
• Calculate values per record
• Delete records
– Most important DBMS skill
 Working with a Database
• Query languages
– All DBMS use a query language
• Most DBMS modify the language
– Structured Query Language (SQL)
• Most common query language
– xBase
• Query language for dBase systems
– Query by example (QBE)
• Interface to SQL or xBase
• Interactive query design
 Query Examples
• SQL
Select FirstName, LastName, Phone
From tblPhoneNumbers
Where LastName=“Norton”;

• xBase
Use tblPhoneNumbers
List FirstName, LastName, Phone
For LastName=“Norton”
 Working with a Database
• Generating reports
– Printed information extracted from
a database
– Can calculate data
• Calculate data per row
• Calculate for entire table
– Pictures and formatting can be included
 Survey of Database
Systems

McGraw-Hill Technology Education Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Enterprise Software
• Enterprise definitions
– Systems throughout the entire organization
– Very large scale computer systems
– Historically found on mainframes
– Modern enterprise runs on PC servers
 Enterprise Software
• Suite of programs
• Handles thousands of users at once
• Access to millions of records
• Looks and acts like a DBMS
Distributed applications

– Software installed on several machines

– Data stored on several machines
• Data placed closest to appropriate users
– Work load is balanced among machines
 Tiers
– Software between user and data
– Tiers control one part of enterprise
– Two tier systems
• Data storage
• Client interface
– Three tier systems
• Add calculation
– There is no limit to the tiers
 Enterprise Software
• Meet the needs of many users
– Applications are very complex
– Support many types of users
– Supports many different nationalities
– Must support large data flow
Common Corporate DBMS
• Oracle
– Most popular enterprise-level DBMS
– Very flexible storage system
– Can be very complex
– Platform independent
– Offers a wide range of solutions
Common Corporate DBMS
• DB2
– Venerable IBM database
– Platform independent
– Only database using pure SQL
Common Corporate DBMS
• Microsoft SQL Server
– Fastest growing DBMS
– Only runs on Microsoft platforms
– Eight different versions exist
– Extremely scalable architecture
• Software can grow with the data
Common Corporate DBMS
• MySQL
– Leading DBMS for Linux
– Very inexpensive
– Features are those needed in business
– Often faster than other DBMS
– Platform independent