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S.MORRIS 2006

Bohrs Atom
electrons in orbits

nucleus

HELIUM ATOM
proton

Shell

+ electron
N

neutron

What do these particles consist of?

ATOMIC STRUCTURE
EQ: What are the basic properties of elements?

Particle proton neutron electron

Charge + ve charge No charge -ve charge

Mass 1 1 nil

ATOMIC STRUCTURE
EQ: What are the basic properties of elements?

He

2 4

Atomic number

the number of protons in an atom

Atomic mass

number of electrons = number of protons

the number of protons and neutrons in an atom

ATOMIC STRUCTURE
EQ: What are the basic properties of elements?

Electrons are arranged in Energy Levels or

Shells around the nucleus of an atom.

first shell
second shell third shell

a maximum of 2 electrons
a maximum of 8 electrons a maximum of 8 electrons

ATOMIC STRUCTURE
EQ: What are the basic properties of elements?

There are two ways to represent the atomic

structure of an element or compound;

1.

Electronic Configuration

2.

Dot & Cross Diagrams

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
EQ: What are the basic properties of elements?

With electronic configuration elements are represented

numerically by the number of electrons in their shells and number of shells. For example;

Nitrogen
2 in 1st shell 5 in 2nd shell

configuration = 2 , 5 2

5 = 7

14

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
Write the electronic configuration for the following elements;
a)

Ca

20 40

b)

Na

11 23

c)

8 16

2,8,8,2
d)

2,8,1
e)

2,6
f)

Cl

17

35

Si

14

28

5 11

2,8,7

2,8,4

2,3

DOT & CROSS DIAGRAMS

With Dot & Cross diagrams elements and compounds

are represented by Dots or Crosses to show electrons,

and circles to show the shells. For example; X

Nitrogen

X X

X X

14

XX

DOT & CROSS DIAGRAMS

Draw the Dot & Cross diagrams for the following elements; X 8 17 X a) O b) Cl 35 X 16 X X X X X X X X X Cl X X X X X O X X X X X X X X X

SUMMARY
1. The Atomic Number of an atom = number of
protons in the nucleus.

2. The Atomic Mass of an atom = number of

Protons + Neutrons in the nucleus. 3. 4. The number of Protons = Number of Electrons. Electrons orbit the nucleus in shells.

5.

Each shell can only carry a set number of electrons.

Types of Bonds

EQ: What are the basic properties of elements?

What is the difference between a compound and a molecule? A compound - two or more different elements bonded together A molecule - two or more elements bonded together by a covalent bond Identify the following as a compound, molecule, or both

Na+ClH2 O CO2

Na+ClH2 O CO2

compound

Na+ClH2 O CO2

compound
both

Na+ClH2 O CO2

compound
both

both

Types of bonds

EQ: What are the basic properties of elements?

Ionic- bonding that results in the transfer of electrons from one element to another

Covalent bond- bonding that results in the sharing of electrons; each bond equals two electrons
Hydrogen bonding- occurs between polar compounds and H; this is an attraction

2.2 Properties of Water

EQ: What are the important characteristics that make essential for life?

The water molecule is a polar molecule: The opposite ends have opposite charges
Polarity allows water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with each other

2.2 Properties of Water

Four of waters properties that facilitate an environment for life are: Cohesive behavior High specific heat Expansion upon freezing

Versatility as a solvent

Cohesion
-the

attraction of water molecules to each other -occurs due to H-bonding Adhesion -an attraction between different substances, for example, between water and plant cell walls What organisms benefit from these properties?
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 3-3

Adhesion

Water-conducting cells

Direction of water movement

Cohesion 150 m

Surface Tension

is a measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid Surface tension is related to cohesion What kind of organisms benefit from this property?
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

EQ: What are the important characteristics that make essential for life?

Fig. 3-4

Waters High Specific Heat

EQ: What are the important characteristics that make essential for life?

The specific heat of a substance is the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g(or L) of that substance to change its temperature by 1C The specific heat of water is 1 cal/g/C Water resists changing its temperature because of its high specific heat Why do you think water has high specific heat?
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Acids and Bases

EQ: What are the important characteristics that make essential for life?

An acid is any substance that increases the H+ concentration of a solution A base is any substance that reduces the H+ concentration of a solution

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The pH Scale
EQ: What are the important characteristics that make essential for life?

In any aqueous solution at 25C the product of H+ and OH is constant and can be written as [H+][OH] = 1014 The pH of a solution is defined by the negative logarithm of H+ concentration, written as pH = log [H+] What is the [H+] of a neutral solution? [H+] is 107 = (7) = 7
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

 What is the pH of a solution that has a [H+] of 10(-6) pH= 6 What is the pOH of the same solution? pOH= 8

 Acidic solutions have pH values less than 7 Basic solutions have pH values greater than 7 Most biological fluids have pH values in the range of 6 to 8 Which solution has more [H+], a solution with a pH of 6 or pH of 8. How many?
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 3-UN5

0 Acidic [H+] > [OH]

Acids donate H+ in aqueous solutions Neutral [H+] = [OH]

7 Bases donate OH or accept H+ in aqueous solutions 14

Basic [H+] < [OH]