ACS PRESENTATIO N

Jasleen Kaur ECE 5A 90600415058

AM Detector using Transistor Double heterodyne Receiver AM Receiver using PLL

AM Detector
The AM demodulator detector is an electronic circuit

used to recover the information content from the modulated carrier wave. It involves 2 steps:i) rectification of the modulated wave ii) elimination of the RF component of the modulated wave.
AM detector is electronic equipment which picks up the desired signal and rejects the unwanted signal, amplifies the desired signal, and demodulates the carrier to get back the modulation frequency signal.

BLOCK DIAGRAM

FIG 1.3

Working :The working of the circuit is as follows :

Transistor can be used as detector amplifier (i.e. both for rectification and amplification). The amplification of the recovered signal takes place in the emitter collector circuit.
Transistor operates at cut-off or as Class-B amplifier.

C2 ac grounds R3 whereas voltage divider R1-R2 establishes proper bias which holds the transistor just at cut-off.
The rectified signal appears across Rc-C3 combination.

C3 eliminates RFD component so that only AF signal voltage drops RC.

The capacitor C4 permits AF signal to pass through but block its dc component.

ADVANTAGES
No diagonal clipping as observed in envelope detector No negative peak clipping Less distortion

WHY WE STARTED USING SUPERHETERODYNE RECEIVERS?

Superheterodyne receivers were used because of their advantages over TRF receivers: Improved selectivity Improved stability Higher gain per stage Uniform bandwidth These advantages made them suitable for radio receiver applications such as AM, FM, SSB communications.

HAS SOME DISADVANTAGES

Image Frequency:- An undesirable input frequency equal to station frequency plus twice the intermediate frequency.

Local Oscillator Sideband Noise:- LO typically generate a single frequency signal that has negligible amplitude modulation but some random phase modulation. These impurities spreads some of the signal's energy into the sideband frequencies, causes a corresponding widening of the receiver's frequency response, hence narrow bandwidth cannot be obtained. Local Oscillator Radiation:- Local oscillator produce stray radiation below the level that a nearby receiver can detect. The receiver's local oscillator can act like a miniature CW transmitter. This means that there can be mutual interference in the operation of two or more superheterodyne receivers in close proximity.

DOUBLE HETERODYNE RECEIVER

The basic concept behind the double superheterodyne radio receiver is the use of a high intermediate frequency to achieve the high levels of image rejection that are required, and a further low intermediate frequency to provide the levels of performance required for the adjacent channel selectivity.

Tuner

1 IFamplifier Mixer

2 IFamplifier

Here we use 2 mixers, 2 IF stages, 2 local oscillator to produce stable output.

BLOCK DIAGRAM
Receiving antenna

Working
INPUT STAGE 1 or more RF amplifier stages increase sensitivity and reduce noise. Band changing is done by: i. switching coil of RF, mixer, LO. ii. by frequency synthesis. FINE TUNING Can be done Mechanically (manually) Electric (automatic) DOUBLE CONVERSION 2 mixers, 2 local oscillators 2 IF frequencies. 1 IF- MHZ range better image frequency rejection. 2 IF- KHz range better selectivity, good adjacent channel rejection.

Contd..
DELAYED AGC When weak signal comes it is used. Prevents problem of reducing receiver gain for weak signals

VARIABLE SENSITIVITY AND SELECTIVITY Here we use sensitivity control circuit a potentiometer which change the gain of the RF amplifier. Reduce RF gain for strong inputs and increase for weak inputs. Range of BW 1 12 KHz. Notch Filters are used for varying sensitivity.
BLOCKING When strong signal close to frequency to weak signal is present then AGC voltage reduces due to it, can also suppress wanted signal. Receivers with little reaction to spurious signals have good blocking. High Blocking high adjacent channel rejection needed & this requires high selectivity.

Additional Circuits:TUNING CALIBRATION Calibration of tuning dial and control In-build crystal oscillator 500 1000 KHz. Sometimes frequency synthesizer also used. BEAT FREQUENCY OSCILLATOR (BFO) Use simple Hartley oscillator at frequency 1 KHz or 400 KHz above or below last IF. To avoid interference switch OFF BFO. NOISE LIMITER Or Impulse noise limiter. Reduce interfering noise pulses by vehicle ignition systems, electric machines. SQUELCH OR MUTING CIRCUIT

SQUELCH CIRCUIT
Loud noise is produced due to absence of input signal (absence of carrier signal) in double heterodyne receiver.

This circuit cut-off the first audio amplifier so that neither signal nor noise can pass through the loudspeaker. Also known as MUTING or QUIETING

Difference between SH and DH

PARAMETER Principle IFs Mixers LO Image Rejection SUPERHETERODYNE DOUBLE HETERODYNE Heterodyning 1 1 1 Poor Heterodyning 2 2 2 Better

Frequency synthesizer Performance

Special features

Not Used
Average None

Used
Superior Muting, fine tuning, blocking

AGC
Application

Simple
Domestic radio receiver

Delayed
Communication receiver

Advantages : It removes image rejection because there are 2 IF frequency present in it. It improves selectivity.

It improves stability of the circuit.

Improved filter performance.

Applications : Used as radar receivers because they prevent the image frequencies very efficiently as compared with super heterodyne receivers. Use double-heterodyne as interferometer for absolute distance measurements.

AM RECEIVER USING PLL

. PLL stands for 'Phase-Locked Loop' and is basically a

closed loop frequency control system, whose functioning is based on the phase sensitive detection of phase difference between the input and output signals of the controlled oscillator (CO). There would not be a Radio Amateur or commercial receiver of any worth today that does not employ at least one if not several, phase locked loop systems, to generate stable high frequency oscillations.

BLOCK DIAGRAM

Working

AM signal is applied to 90 phase shifting network as well as the PLL.

PLL is locked to the carrier frequency of the AM signal. VCO output is locked with AM signal perfectly, phase shift is 90 between them. To nullify this phase shift, the AM signal phase shifted by 90. Input go to phase detector - multiplier which produce sum and difference components of frequency at its output. Low pass filter - pass frequency close to carrier and lower than it .

Advantage

AM detector using PLL has high noise immunity which is not possible to obtain using the conventional peak type AM detector.

Application :Some applications of PLL are : AM & FM Demodulation

Frequency Synchronization
Frequency Multiplication AM Detection Division frequency translation.