Design of UAV Systems

Objectives

Lesson objective Short UAV History (with admitted US Focus) Current programs What are the challenges? Design Technology
Lesson expectations -

Gain Familiarity Appreciate breadth of UAV design options

Notation - by our definition of UAVs as reusable
Yes =

UAV

No =

UAV
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c 2004 LM Corporation

Introduction to UAVs

Design of UAV Systems

Amazing UAV facts

The first claimed heavier-than-air, powered flight was of a UAV, over the Potomac River, by Dr. Sam Langley (1896) The first radio-controlled UAV flights were converted Navy trainers, flown over Long Island (1917) The first mass production UAV was the Kettering Bug, costing $400 and capable of carrying a 300 lb bomb (1918) The British Queen Bee UAV was landed by dragging a weighted antenna line on the ground, which then pulled back the stick and the throttle (1935) 4 UAVs with 2000 lb bombs attacked the Japanese merchantman, Yamazuki Maru, scoring two direct hits (1944) Marilyn Monroe was discovered while working in the Radioplane OQ-3 UAV factory (1945)
Source: McDaid and Oliver, Smart Weapons, Barnes & Noble 1997

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Introduction to UAVs

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Design of UAV Systems

Pre-World War II

Historical comparison - US
1950s
Manned aircraft - Turbojets mature - Advanced metalics - Supersonics mature Unmanned - First real systems - UAVs stagnate

World War II

Manned aircraft Manned aircraft - Reciprocating engines - Recips mature - Biplanes to monoplanes - Structures mature - Fabric to semi-monocoque - First jets Unmanned Unmanned - First unmanned vehicle - First combat use - First UAV - First drones

1960s

1970s

1980s

Manned aircraft Manned aircraft Manned aircraft - Turbofans mature - Commercial FBW - Full fly by wire - First composites - Composites mature - Early digital systems - First fly by wire - Full digital systems Unmanned - Complex analog systems Unmanned - First combat UAV Unmanned - Cruise missiles - First research UAV - UAVs go to war - Tactical UAV (again) - First tactical UAV Other - Unmanned space 1990s - Unmanned 2000 and on 1990s - Manned aircraft - DARO Family of Vehicles - UAVs mature - Co-cured composites - Tactical UAVs (again) - Manned/unmanned - Pilots as managers - USAF / DARPA UCAV synergy,co-existence - Netted systems Other - Reusable launchers
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Design of UAV Systems

Kettering Bug (1918) Aerial Torpedo

Pre World War II

UAV

Radioplane 0Q-2A (1935)

Culver PQ-14B (1940)

UAV

UAV Target drones

http://www.wpafb.af.mil/museum/annex/ans.htm

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Design of UAV Systems

World War II

V-1 Buzz Bomb

UAV
U.S. Buzz Bomb

UAV
USAAF BQ-7 (B-17F)

UAV
http://www.wpafb.af.mil/museum/annex/ans.htm

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Design of UAV Systems

1950s

Strategic Surface-to-Surface Missiles

Matador- 600 NMi Range

UAV

Mace - 1217 Nmi Range

USSR had similar types of systems

Snark - 5497 NMi Range

c 2004 LM Corporation Introduction to UAVs

http://www.wpafb.af.mil/museum/annex/ans.htm

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Design of UAV Systems Submarine and Surface Launched Missiles UAV

1950s (contd)

USSR also had similar types

Regulus 1
c 2004 LM Corporation Introduction to UAVs

Regulus 2
http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/usa/theater/regulus1.htm

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Design of UAV Systems

1960s

Reconnaissance UAVs

UAV
D21 Tagboard on M12 Mother Ship

UAV
Lightning Bug AQM-34
http://www.wpafb.af.mil/museum/annex/ans.htm

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Design of UAV Systems

1960s - other Launch and space systems

UAV

UAV
http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/imint/4cor1

http://www.fas.org

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Design of UAV Systems Combat UAVs - Have Lemon AQM-34 UAV UAV

1970s

EO Maverick

EO Hobo

UAV

EO Maverick Attacking SAM Site

http://www.wpafb.af.mil/museum/annex/ans.htm

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Design of UAV Systems

Boeing YQM-94A B-Gull

1970s
Reconnaissance (Recce) UAVs

UAV
Teledyne Ryan YQM-96A R-Tern

Compass Cope High Altitude Long Endurance (HALE)

Endurance 28 hrs 11 min Un-refueled
Introduction to UAVs

http://www.wpafb.af.mil/museum/annex/ans.htm

http://www.fas.org/irp/program/sources.htm

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Design of UAV Systems Flight Research UAVs

1970s

UAV
HiMAT YF-16 RPRV
http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/gallery/photo/index.html

XBQM-106
http://www.wpafb.af.mil/museum/annex/ans.htm

Self-Repairing Flight Control Sys.

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Introduction to UAVs

Design of UAV Systems Tactical UAV - Lockheed Aquila UAV

1970s

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Design of UAV Systems

1980s

Boeing Condor

UAV

HALE UAV
http://www.wpafb.af.mil/museum/annex/ans.htm

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Design of UAV Systems Tactical and Medium Endurance UAVs

1980s
UAV

Pioneer - USN/USMC

US Army Hunter

http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/pioneer.htm

GNAT-750

MR - UAV
http://www.fas.org/irp/program/sources.htm

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Design of UAV Systems UAV

1990s

DARO UAVs

Outrider (TUAV)
http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/outrider.htm

Predator (Tier II)

http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/predator.htm

Global Hawk (Tier II+)

Dark Star (Tier III-)

http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/global_hawk.htm

http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/darkstar.htm

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Design of UAV Systems

Global Hawk & Predator

Size Comparison

http://www.tdyryan.com/04_Programs/Global_Hawk/GH_System_Desc.PDF

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Design of UAV Systems

1990s - Tactical UAV

http://www.fas.org/irp/program/sources.htm

UAV Alliant Techsystems Outrider General Atomics Prowler

US Army Selects AAI Shadow 200

c 2004 LM Corporation Introduction to UAVs

TRW/S-TEC Sentry
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Design of UAV Systems

1990s - VTUAV

NG Fire Scout selected

http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/vtuav.htm http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/vtuav.htm

UAV

http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/vtuav.htm

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Introduction to UAVs

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Design of UAV Systems

1990s - Manned synergy

UAV

http://www.army.mil/armyimages.htm

UAV

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Introduction to UAVs

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Design of UAV Systems

1990s - Reusable launchers

UAV

UAV
http://www.fas.org

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Design of UAV Systems

Next subject

Lesson objective Short UAV History (with admitted US Focus) Current programs What are the challenges? Design Technology Lesson expectations Gain Familiarity Appreciate breadth of UAV design options

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Introduction to UAVs

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Design of UAV Systems

DARPA/Army

Unmanned Combat Armed Rotorcraft (UCAR)

Armed unmanned complement to manned systems - Future Combat System - RHA-66 Comanche Perform the most dangerous missions - Strike and support $500M over four (4) phases - First phase 12 months, four (4) contractors Design phase ? - Second phase, 2 contractors (LM and NG) Design phase ?
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Design of UAV Systems X-45A

DARPA/USAF UCAV

X-45B

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Design of UAV Systems

AIR VEHICLE XX,XXX lb Gross Weight X,XXX lb Empty Weight High subsonic speed Med-high altitude XXX-XXXX nmi radius XXXX-XXXX lb payload

DARPA/Navy UCAV

http://www.strange-mecha.com/aircraft/x/USN-X.htm

http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/uav.htm

Design phase ?
c 2004 LM Corporation Introduction to UAVs

http://www.northrop grumman.com

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Design of UAV Systems A-160 Hummingbird

Other DARPA
http://www.auvsi.org/members http://www.vectorsite.net/avuav7.html

http://www.darpa.mil/tto/programs/hum_war.html

Hingeless, low disk-loading & RPM rigid rotor VTOL range > 2,000nm Endurance > 24-48 hours

http://www.darpa.mil/tto/programs/hum_war.html

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Design of UAV Systems

USAF Global Hawk (RQ-4)

http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/global_hawk.htm

ACTD successfully completed Low rate initial production approved - 17 air vehicles plus four mission and launch control elements Full-rate production starts FY-06 - 2 UAVs per year through FY 09, 4 thereafter Assessing new payloads - signals intelligence - Requires payload weight/volume increase Will remain unarmed Design phase ?
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Design of UAV Systems

USAF Predator

Predator A (RQ-1 or MQ-1 version armed with Hellfire missiles)

http://www.auvsi.org/members/us.cfm

USAF orders 2 Predator B (MQ-9) prototypes - Honeywell TPE-331-10T, flat-rated to 750shp - 10,500 lb maximum take-off gross weight Design phase ? - Max speed / altitude - 210 Kt / 50Kft - 66 ft wingspan Predator B - Triplex systems - 4,000 lb fuel - 800 lb internal payload - 3000 lb external payload http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/PAO/PAIS/HTML/FS-073-DFRC.html - 6 store stations/14 Hellfires
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Design of UAV Systems

USMC

Affordably expendable UAV

DoD UAV Roadmap, Office of the Secretary of Defense Air Warfare, December 2002

DoD UAV Roadmap, Office of the Secretary of Defense Air Warfare, December 2002

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Design of UAV Systems

US Army

DoD UAV Roadmap, Office of the Secretary of Defense Air Warfare, December 2002

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Design of UAV Systems

US Navy

Broad Area Maritime Surveillance (BAMS)

Design phase ?

Or
DoD UAV Roadmap, Office of the Secretary of Defense Air Warfare, December 2002

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Introduction to UAVs

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Design of UAV Systems UAV

What next?

Another generation of UAVs & UCAVS

Design phase ?
Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company

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Introduction to UAVs

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Design of UAV Systems

Final subject

Lesson objective Short UAV History (with admitted US Focus) Where are they headed? What are the challenges? Design Technology

Lesson expectations Gain Familiarity Appreciate breadth of UAV design options

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Introduction to UAVs

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Design of UAV Systems Design and technology challenges System Level - Concepts of Operation - Communications availability/reliability - Multi-UAV operations - UAVs in manned airspace Air Vehicle - Reliability and Safety - Very long endurance - Enduring survivability - Cost Mission control - Reliability and Safety - Operators per vehicle - Multi-vehicle control - Cost
c 2004 LM Corporation

Payloads - Auto target recognition - On board data processing - Data compression - Cost Support system - Reliability and Safety - Logistics footprint - Off base support - Aerial refueling - Cost

Introduction to UAVs

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Design of UAV Systems

Example - Manned airspace

All countries have rules for how aircraft must operate in their airspace. Most follow guidelines developed by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Rules apply to two types of airspace - Enroute airspace - the airways - Terminal airspace - around airports Airspace rules are based on manned aircraft experience The established system is complex and slow to change Fundamental concept pilot see and avoid Pilots, not ground controllers, have primary responsibility for safe operation/separation of aircraft UAVs have controllers not pilots UAVs have to fit into a see and avoid based system
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Design of UAV Systems

Example - Logistics footprint

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Introduction to UAVs

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Design of UAV Systems

Example - Base operations

Main Base

Forward Base

Emergency Base
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Design of UAV Systems

Question

What do these challenges have to do with us (Aerospace Engineers)?

UAVs are air vehicles, they fly like airplanes and operate in an airplane environment - They are designed like air vehicles - They have to meet flight critical air vehicle requirements - Aerospace engineers understand the environment, the requirements and the design challenges We know how to integrate complex, multi-disciplinary systems We provide leadership in development of air vehicle systems - UAVs are simply our next air vehicle system challenge
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Design of UAV Systems

Intermission

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Introduction to UAVs

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