TL2101 Mekanika Fluida I

Benno Rahardyan
Pertemuan 7

Mg

Topik

Sub Topik

Tujuan Instruksional (TIK)

Pengantar

Definisi dan sifat-sifat fluida, berbagai jenis fluida yang berhubungan dengan bidang TL
Tekanan dalam fluida, tekanan hidrostatik Aliran laminar dan turbulen, pengembangan persamaan untuk penentuan jenis aliran: bilangan reynolds, freud, dll Prinsip kontinuitas aliran, komponen energi dalam aliran fluida, penerapan persamaan Bernoulli dalam perpipaan Aplikasi kekekalan energi dalam aplikasi di bidang TL

Memahami berbagai kegunaan mekflu dalam bidang TL

Mengerti prinsip-2 tekanan statitka Mengerti, dapat menghitung dan menggunakan prinsip dasar aliran staedy state Mengerti, dapat menggunakan dan menghitung sistem prinsi hukum kontinuitas Latihan menggunakan prinsip kekekalan eneri khususnya dalam bidang air minum

Pengaruh tekanan 2 Pengenalan jenis aliran fluida

Prinsip kekekalan energi dalam aliran Idem Aplikasi kekekalan energi

4 5

Idem + gaya pada bidang terendam Idem

Aplikasi kekekalan energi

Darcy-Weisbach, headloss, major losses dan minor losses Keseimbangan bidang terapung

FLUID DYNAMICS THE BERNOULLI EQUATION

The laws of Statics that we have learned cannot solve Dynamic Problems. There is no way to solve for the flow rate, or Q. Therefore, we need a new dynamic approach to Fluid Mechanics.

The Bernoulli Equation

By assuming that fluid motion is governed only by pressure and gravity forces, applying Newtons second law, F = ma, leads us to the Bernoulli Equation.

P/g + V2/2g + z = constant along a streamline

(P=pressure

g =specific weight

V=velocity g=gravity z=elevation)

A streamline is the path of one particle of water. Therefore, at any two points along a streamline, the Bernoulli equation can be applied and, using a set of engineering assumptions, unknown flows and pressures can easily be solved for.

Bernoulli Example Problem : Free Jets 2

A small cylindrical tank is filled with water, and then emptied through a small orifice at the bottom.
Case 1 What is the flow rate Q exiting through the hole when the tank is full?
R=1 H20=62.4 lbs/ft3 4 R=.5 Q? Case 1 Case 2 2 R=.5 Q? R=1

-Hint-

Case 2 What is the flow rate Q exiting through the hole when the tank is half full? Assumptions Psurf = Pout = 0

The Continuity Equation is needed

Because its a small tank, Vsurf 0

Free Jets 2
Case 1
Apply Bernoullis Equation at the Surface and at the Outlet: 0 + Vsurf2/2g + 4 = 0 + Vout2/2g + 0
With two unknowns, we need another equation : The Continuity Equation

AsurfVsurf=AoutVout

p(1)2 x Vsurf = p(.5)2 x Vout Vsurf=.25Vout

R=1 H20=62.4 lbs/ft3 4 R=.5 Q? 2 R=.5 Q? R=1

Substituting back into the Bernoulli Equation (.25Vout)2/2g + 4 = Vout2/2g

Solving for Vout if g = 32.2 ft/s2

Vout = .257 ft/s Qout = AV = .202 ft3/s (cfs)

Case 1

Case 2

Bernoulli Example Problem : Free Jets 2

Case 2
Bernoullis Equation at the Surface and at the Outlet is changed:

0 + Vsurf2/2g +

2 = 0 + Vout2/2g + 0
Substituting back into the Bernoulli Equation
(.25Vout)2/2g + 2 = Vout2/2g Solving for Vout if g = 32.2 ft/s2

Continuity eqn remains the same.

R=1 H20=62.4 lbs/ft3 4 R=.5 Q? 2

R=1

R=.5 Q?

Vout = .182 ft/s Qout = AV = .143 cfs Note that velocity is less in Case 2

Case 1

Case 2

Free Jets

The velocity of a jet of water is clearly related to the depth of water above the hole. The greater the depth, the higher the velocity. Similar behavior can be seen as water flows at a very high velocity from the reservoir behind the Glen Canyon Dam in Colorado

The Energy Line and the Hydraulic Grade Line

Looking at the Bernoulli equation again: P/ + V2/2g + z = constant on a streamline This constant is called the total head (energy), H Because energy is assumed to be conserved, at any point along the streamline, the total head is always constant Each term in the Bernoulli equation is a type of head.

P/ = Pressure Head
V2/2g = Velocity Head Z = elevation head These three heads, summed together, will always equal H Next we will look at this graphically

The Energy Line and the Hydraulic Grade Line

Lets first understand this drawing:
Measures the Static Pressure Measures the Total Head 1: Static Pressure Tap Measures the sum of the elevation head and the pressure Head. 2: Pilot Tube

12
V2/2g

12

EL

HGL

Measures the Total Head

EL : Energy Line Total Head along a system

P/

HGL : Hydraulic Grade line

Sum of the elevation and the pressure heads along a system

The Energy Line and the Hydraulic Grade Line

Understanding the graphical approach of Energy Line and the Hydraulic Grade line is key to understanding what forces are supplying the energy that water holds.
EL HGL V2/2g

Point 1: Majority of energy stored in the water is in the Pressure Head Point 2: Majority of energy stored in the water is in the elevation head If the tube was symmetrical, then the velocity would be constant, and the HGL would be level

V2/2g

P/

P/

The Complete Example

Solve for the Pressure Head, Velocity Head, and Elevation Head at each point, and then plot the Energy Line and the Hydraulic Grade Line Assumptions and Hints:

P1 and P4 = 0 --- V3 = V4 same diameter tube

We must work backwards to solve this problem

1
H2O= 62.4 lbs/ft3 R = .5

R = .25

4
1

Point 1: Pressure Head : Only atmospheric P1/ = 0 Velocity Head : In a large tank, V1 = 0 V12/2g = 0 Elevation Head : Z1 = 4

1
H2O= 62.4 lbs/ft3

R = .5

R = .25

4
1

Point 4:

Apply the Bernoulli equation between 1 and 4 0 + 0 + 4 = 0 + V42/2(32.2) + 1

V4 = 13.9 ft/s

Pressure Head : Only atmospheric P4/ = 0

Velocity Head : V42/2g = 3 Elevation Head : Z4 = 1

1
H2O= 62.4 lbs/ft3

R = .5

R = .25

4
1

Point 3:

Apply the Bernoulli equation between 3 and 4 (V3=V4) P3/62.4 + 3 + 1 = 0 + 3 + 1

P3 = 0

Pressure Head : P3/ = 0

Velocity Head : V32/2g = 3 Elevation Head : Z3 = 1

1
H2O= 62.4 lbs/ft3

R = .5

R = .25

4
1

Point 2:

Apply the Bernoulli equation between 2 and 3 P2/62.4 + V22/2(32.2) + 1 = 0 + 3 + 1

Apply the Continuity Equation

(.52)V2 = (.252)x13.9 V2 = 3.475 ft/s

P2/62.4 + 3.4752/2(32.2) + 1 = 4 P2 = 175.5 lbs/ft2

1
H2O= 62.4 lbs/ft3

Pressure Head : P2/ = 2.81

R = .5

R = .25

Velocity Head : V22/2g = .19 Elevation Head : Z2 = 1

4
1

Plotting the EL and HGL

Energy Line = Sum of the Pressure, Velocity and Elevation heads Hydraulic Grade Line = Sum of the Pressure and Velocity heads
V2/2g=.19
EL P/ =2.81 Z=4 HGL Z=1 Z=1 Z=1

V2/2g=3 V2/2g=3

For pipe flow, the Bernoulli equation alone is not sufficient. Friction loss along the pipe, and momentum loss through diameter changes and corners take head (energy) out of a system that theoretically conserves energy. Therefore, to correctly calculate the flow and pressures in pipe systems, the Bernoulli Equation must be modified.

Pipe Flow and the Energy Equation

P1/ + V12/2g + z1 = P2/ + V22/2g + z2 + Hmaj + Hmin Major losses: Hmaj

Major losses occur over the entire pipe, as the friction of the fluid over the pipe walls removes energy from the system. Each type of pipe as a friction factor, f, associated with it.
Energy line with no losses

Hmaj
Energy line with major losses 1 2

Pipe Flow and the Energy Equation

Minor Losses : Hmin
Momentum losses in Pipe diameter changes and in pipe bends are called minor losses. Unlike major losses, minor losses do not occur over the length of the pipe, but only at points of momentum loss. Since Minor losses occur at unique points along a pipe, to find the total minor loss throughout a pipe, sum all of the minor losses along the pipe. Each type of bend, or narrowing has a loss coefficient, KL to go with it.

Minor Losses

Major and Minor Losses

Major Losses:
Hmaj = f x (L/D)(V2/2g)

f = friction factor L = pipe length D = pipe diameter V = Velocity g = gravity

Hmin = KL(V2/2g)
Kl = sum of loss coefficients V = Velocity g = gravity When solving problems, the loss terms are added to the system at the second point

Minor Losses:

P1/ + V12/2g + z1 = P2/ + V22/2g + z2 + Hmaj + Hmin

Loss Coefficients
Use this table to find loss coefficients:

Pipe Flow Example

1 Z1 = ? oil= 8.82 kN/m3 f = .035 Z2 = 130 m Kout=1 130 m r/D = 2 2

60 m
7m r/D = 0

If oil flows from the upper to lower reservoir at a velocity of 1.58 m/s in the 15 cm diameter smooth pipe, what is the elevation of the oil surface in the upper reservoir? Include major losses along the pipe, and the minor losses associated with the entrance, the two bends, and the outlet.

Pipe Flow Example

1 Z1 = ? oil= 8.82 kN/m3 f = .035 Z2 = 130 m Kout=1 130 m r/D = 2 2

60 m
7m r/D = 0

Apply Bernoullis equation between points 1 and 2: Assumptions: P1 = P2 = Atmospheric = 0 V1 = V2 = 0 (large tank) 0 + 0 + Z1 = 0 + 0 + 130m + Hmaj + Hmin

Hmaj = (fxLxV2)/(Dx2g)=(.035 x 197m x (1.58m/s)2)/(.15 x 2 x 9.8m/s2)

Hmaj= 5.85m

Pipe Flow Example

1 Z1 = ? oil= 8.82 kN/m3 f = .035 Z2 = 130 m Kout=1 130 m r/D = 2 2

60 m
7m r/D = 0

0 + 0 + Z1 = 0 + 0 + 130m + 5.85m + Hmin Hmin= 2KbendV2/2g + KentV2/2g + KoutV2/2g From Loss Coefficient table: Kbend = 0.19 Kent = 0.5 Hmin = (0.19x2 + 0.5 + 1) x (1.582/2x9.8) Hmin = 0.24 m Kout = 1

Pipe Flow Example

1 Z1 = ? oil= 8.82 kN/m3 f = .035 Z2 = 130 m Kout=1 130 m r/D = 2 2

60 m
7m r/D = 0

0 + 0 + Z1 = 0 + 0 + 130m + Hmaj + Hmin

0 + 0 + Z1 = 0 + 0 + 130m + 5.85m + 0.24m Z1 = 136.09 meters